food composition, method for preparing an aerated food, meat product, methods for improving the mout

专利摘要:
food composition, method for preparing an aerated food, meat product, methods for improving the texture in the mouth and the shelf life of a food composition, and seaweed flour. algae flour and algae biomass are described. food compositions are described comprising algae biomass or algae flour with a high lipid content.
公开号:BR112012026241A2
申请号:R112012026241
申请日:2011-04-14
公开日:2019-12-24
发明作者:Klamczynska Beata；Zdanis Dana；Piechocki John；M Norris Leslie；Rakitsky Walt
申请人:Solazyme Roquette Nutritionals Inc；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

} “FOOD COMPOSITION, METHOD FOR PREPARING A ⁴ AIRFUL FOOD, MEAT PRODUCT, METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE TEXTURE IN THE MOUTH AND THE SHELF LIFE OF A FOOD COMPOSITION, AND, ALGAE FLOUR”
REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING
This order includes a Sequence Listing, added to the end of the Detailed Description of the Invention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention resides in the fields of microbiology, food preparation and human and animal nutrition.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As the human population continues to increase, there is an increasing need for additional food sources, especially food sources that are cheap to produce but nutritious. In addition, the current addiction to meat as the staple of many diets, at least in more developed countries, contributes significantly to the emission of greenhouse gases, and there is a need for new foodstuffs that are equally tasty and nutritious and yet less harmful to the environment when produced.
With only “water and sunlight” to grow, algae has been seen as a potential food source. Although certain types of algae, especially seaweed, do in fact provide important food for human consumption, the promise of algae as a foodstuff has not been realized. Seaweed powders made with algae photosynthetically grown in outdoor tanks or photobioreactors are commercially available, but have a dark green color (from chlorophyll) and a strong and unpleasant taste. When formulated in food products or as nutritional supplements, these seaweed powders impart a visually unpleasant green color to the food product or nutritional supplement and have an unpleasant fish or seaweed flavor.
There are several species of algae that are used in current foodstuffs, most of which are macroalgae, such as kelp, purple laver (Porphyra, used in nori), dulse (Palmaria palmate) and sea lettuce (Uiva lactucá). Microalgae, such as Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) are grown commercially in open tanks (photosynthetically) for use as a nutritional supplement or are incorporated in small amounts into juice or creamy drinks (usually less than 0.5% w / w). Other microalgae, including some Chlorella species, are popular in Asian countries as a nutritional supplement.
In addition to these products, seaweed oil with a high docosahexanoic acid (DHA) content is used as an ingredient in infant formulas. DHA is a highly polyunsaturated oil. DHA has anti-inflammatory properties and is a well-known supplement, as well as an additive used in the preparation of foodstuffs. However, DHA is not suitable for cooked foods, as it oxidizes with heat treatment. In addition, DHA is unstable when exposed to oxygen, even at room temperature, in the presence of antioxidants. The oxidation of DHA results in a fishy taste and unpleasant aroma.
There is still a need for methods for producing foodstuffs from algae cheaply and efficiently, on a large scale, in particular, foodstuffs that are tasty and nutritious. The present invention satisfies these and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Food compositions that comprise algae flour or algae biomass with a high lipid content are disclosed. Food compositions comprising seaweed meal or seaweed biomass with high protein or high lipid content are also disclosed. Food compositions with algae flour or algae biomass and defatted biomass are also disclosed.
In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a food composition comprising (a) seaweed meal, which is a microalgae biomass homogenate containing predominantly or totally lysed cells with more than 20% by weight of triglyceride oil, (b) at least one additional edible ingredient and, optionally, at least one additional ingredient, and (c) gas, where the seaweed meal, and at least one additional edible ingredient, comprises a continuous phase, the gas comprises a discontinuous phase, and in which the percentage of the volume of food contributed by the gas is between 1 and 50%. In some cases, the volume of food contributed by gas is between about 10% and about 60%. In some cases, the gas is air. In some cases, the percentage of the volume of food contributed by the gas is between 10 and 50%. In some ways, the food is frozen. In some cases, the continuous phase comprises about 0 to about 30% sugar, or other natural or artificial sweetening agent, by weight.
In some embodiments, algae flour or algae biomass comprises between 20% and 70% dry weight of triglyceride oil. In some cases, 60% - 75% of triglyceride oil is an 18: 1 lipid in a glycerolipid form. In some embodiments, triglyceride oil is (a) less than 2% 14: 0, (b) 13-16% 16: 0, (c) 1-4% 18: 0, (d) 64-70% 18 : 1, (e) ΙΟΙ 6% 18: 2, (f) 0.5-2.5% 18: 3, or (g) less than 2% oil with a carbon chain length of 20 or more.
In some modalities, algae flour or algae biomass is between 5% to 70% of carbohydrates, in dry weight. In some cases, algae flour or algae biomass is between 25% - 40% of carbohydrates by dry weight. In some cases, the carbohydrate component of biomass is between about 25% to 70%, optionally, 25% - 35%, of dietary fiber and about 2% to 10%, optionally, 2% - 8%, of free sugar, including sucrose, by dry weight. In some embodiments, the monosaccharide composition of the biomass dietary fiber component is (a) 3-17% arabinose, (b) 7-43% mannose, (c) 18-77% galactose, and (d) 11-60% glucose. In some embodiments, the monosaccharide composition of the biomass dietary fiber component is (a) 0.1-4% arabinose, (b) 515% mannose, (c) 15-35% galactose, and (d) 50-70% glucose. In some cases, algae or flour biomass has between about 0 to about 115 pg of total carotenoids per gram of microalgae biomass or algae flour, including 20-70 pg of lutein per gram of microalgae biomass or flour of algae. In some cases, biomass or algae flour has less than 10 pg or less than 20 pg of total carotenoids per gram of biomass of microalgae or algae flour. In some embodiments, the chlorophyll content of the biomass is less than 500 ppm. In some cases, the oil inside the biomass or algae flour has 1-8 mg total tocopherols per 100 grams of microalgae biomass or algae flour, including 2-6 mg alpha-tocopherol per 100 grams of microalgae biomass or seaweed meal. In some cases, algae or flour biomass has about 0.05-0.30 mg of total tocotrienols per gram of microalgae biomass or algae flour, including 0.10-0.25 mg of alpha tocotrienol per gram of microalgae biomass or algae flour.
In some modalities, biomass is derived from an alga that is a species of the Chlorella genus. In some cases, the algae is Chlorella protothecoides. In some embodiments, biomass is derived from an algae which is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation, compared to the strain from which it was derived.
In some modalities, algae biomass and algae flour is derived from algae grown and processed under conditions of good manufacturing practices (GMP).
In some cases, at least one additional edible ingredient is selected from the group consisting of sugar, water, milk, cream, fruit juice, fruit juice concentrate, whole eggs, egg whites, grains and animal fat or other fat . In some cases, the composition is selected from the group consisting of ice cream, ice cream, sorbets, mousse, flan, pudding, meringue, paste, baked products, mousse, whipped milk toppings, frozen yogurt, fillings and sparkling sauces.
In a second aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of manufacturing an aerated food by (a) mixing algae flour or algae biomass, water and at least one other edible ingredient to make a dispersion, in which the flour algae or algae biomass comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% w / w dispersion, and (b) incorporation of gas in the dispersion to form stable discontinuous gas bubbles, thus making a food aerated. Seaweed flour or seaweed biomass can comprise between about 0.5% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 2.5%, or from about 0.5% to about 1% of the dispersion.
In a third aspect, the present invention is directed to a meat product comprising a minced or minced meat matrix and at least about 0.5% w / w of the algae flour, which is a microalgae biomass homogenate containing predominantly or entirely lysed cells comprising at least about 20% by dry weight of the triglyceride oil, in which the meat and seaweed flour are homogeneously dispersed throughout the matrix.
In some embodiments, meat contains a maximum of 10% animal fat, or a maximum of 30% animal fat. In some cases, meat contains a maximum of 7% animal fat. In some cases, meat contains a maximum of 3% animal fat or a maximum of about 1% animal fat. In some embodiments, the meat product contains about 0.5% to about 2.5% w / w of seaweed flour, or from about 0.5% to about 10% w / w of flour of algae. In some cases, seaweed flour contains about 20-60% or 25% to 70% dry seaweed oil. In some cases, algae flour is made from microalgae of the Chlorella genus. In some cases, the algae flour is made from microalgae of the species Chlorella protothecoides. In some embodiments, the meat product is minced meat. In some cases, the meat product is reformed meat. In some embodiments, seaweed flour has no visible green or yellow color. In some cases, seaweed flour has less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll. In some modalities, meat is selected from the group consisting of meat, bison, lamb, lamb, sheep, venison, fish, chicken, pork, ham and turkey.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention is directed to a dairy food composition comprising at least one dairy ingredient, seaweed meal, and where the seaweed meal is a microalgae biomass homogenate containing predominantly or entirely lysed cells comprising at least 20 % by dry weight of triglyceride oil, in which between about 0.1% to about 100%, preferably between 10% and 100%, between 15% and 95%, between 20% and 90%, between 25% and 85%, between 30% and 80%, above 25%, above 30%, above 35%, above 40%, above 45%, above 50%, approximately 10%, approximately 20%, approximately 30 %, approximately 40%, approximately 50%, approximately 60%, approximately 70%, approximately 80%, approximately 90% and approximately 100% of the fat in food is supplied by seaweed flour. In some cases, the dairy food composition is selected from the group consisting of cheese, milk, curd, cream, butter, paste and yogurt.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a non-dairy food composition comprising at least one non-dairy ingredient, and seaweed flour or seaweed biomass, comprising at least 20% by weight of the triglyceride oil, wherein between 10% and 100%, between 15% and 95%, between 20% and 90%, between 25% and 85%, between 30% and 80%, above 25%, above 30%, above 35%, above 40%, above 45%, above 50%, approximately 10%, approximately 20%, approximately 30%, approximately 40%, approximately 50%, approximately 60%, approximately 70%, approximately 80%, approximately 90% and approximately 100% of the fat in the non-dairy food composition is supplied by algae flour or algae biomass. A non-dairy ingredient is a substance derived from a non-dairy source, including, for example, soy, nuts, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables, and the like. In some cases, the food composition is selected from the group consisting of margarine, soy milk, almond milk, hemp milk, rice milk, frozen non-dairy dessert, non-dairy cream, non-dairy cheese and non-dairy yogurt. dairy.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an algae meal or algae biomass which comprises more than about 10% triglyceride oil in dry weight. The algae flour and algae biomass further comprises the compounds selected from the group consisting of about 0 pg to about 115 pg of total carotenoids per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, between about 1 mg to about of 8 mg of tocopherols per 100 g of algae flour or algae biomass, from about 0.05 mg to about 0.30 mg of total tocotrienols per gram of algae flour or algae biomass and about 0 , 1 mg to about 10 mg of phospholipids, preferably between about 0.25% to about 1.5%, per gram of algae flour or algae biomass.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of improving the mouthfeel of a food composition. The mouthfeel of the food composition is improved by adding algae flour or algae biomass to the food composition. Seaweed meal or seaweed biomass comprises more than about 20% dry weight triglyceride oil.
In some cases, the method of improving the mouthfeel of a food composition comprises the steps of: a) providing a food composition, and b) adding a certain amount of seaweed meal which comprises more than about 20% by dry weight of triglyceride oil from said food composition. In some cases, seaweed flour comprises more than about 40% by weight of triglyceride oil. In some cases, the seaweed meal comprises from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w of said food composition.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of improving the mouthfeel of a food composition. The mouthfeel of the food composition is improved by adding algae flour or algae biomass and milk, casein, whey, or soy to the food composition. Seaweed meal or seaweed biomass comprises more than about 20% dry weight triglyceride oil.
In some cases, the method of improving the mouthfeel of a food composition comprises the steps of: a) providing a food composition comprising milk, soy, casein, or whey, and
b) adding a certain amount of seaweed meal which comprises more than about 10% by dry weight of triglyceride oil of said food composition. In some cases, seaweed flour comprises more than about 40% by weight of triglyceride oil. In some cases, the seaweed meal comprises from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w of said food composition.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for increasing the shelf life of a food composition. The shelf life of the food composition is improved by adding algae flour or algae biomass to the food composition. Seaweed meal or seaweed biomass comprises more than about 20% dry weight triglyceride oil.
In some cases, the method for improving the shelf life 5 of a food composition comprises the steps of: a) providing a food composition, and b) adding a certain amount of seaweed meal which comprises more than about 20% by weight dry triglyceride oil of said food composition. In some cases, seaweed flour comprises more than about 40% by weight of 10 triglyceride oil. In some cases, the seaweed meal comprises from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w of said food composition.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a non-dairy food composition comprising: (a) at least one non-dairy ingredient, and (b) seaweed meal, comprising at least 15% by dry weight of the triglyceride oil, in between about 0.1% and about 100% of the fat in food is supplied by seaweed flour. In some cases, the non-dairy ingredient is selected from the group consisting of soy, almonds, flax, oats and rice. In some cases, the non-dairy food composition is selected from group 20 consisting of margarine, soy milk, almond milk, hemp milk, rice milk, non-dairy frozen dessert, non-dairy cream, non-dairy cheese dairy and non-dairy yogurt.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an algae flour comprising algae flour particles or an algae biomass 25 comprising algae biomass particles, said algae flour or algae biomass, each comprising more than about 10% of triglyceride oil in dry weight, wherein said algae flour or algae biomass further comprises the compounds selected from the group consisting of about 0 pg to about 115 pg of total carotenoids per gram of algae biomass or seaweed meal, between about 1 mg to about 8 mg tocopherols per 100 g of seaweed meal or algae biomass, from about 0.05 mg to about 0.30 mg total tocotrienols per gram of meal algae or algae biomass and from about 0.1 mg to about 5 to 10 mg of phospholipids per gram of algae flour or algae biomass.
In some cases, the total carotenoids per gram of algae biomass or algae flour is less than 10 pg. In some cases, the average particle size of algae flour particle or algae biomass particle is less than 10 μΜ.
In some embodiments, the algae flour particles are agglomerated. In some cases, the average particle size of algal flour particle clusters is less than about 1,000 μΜ. In some cases, the average particle size of algae flour particleboard is less than about 500 μΜ. In some cases, 15 the average particle size of algae flour particleboard is less than about 250 μΜ. In some cases, the average particle size of algal flour particle clusters is less than about 100 μΜ.
In some cases, algae biomass or algae flour 20 further comprises contaminating microbes from non-microalgae. In some cases, the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a total aerobic plaque count less than or equal to 10,000 CFU per gram; yeast less than or equal to 200 CFU per gram; mold less than or equal to 200 CFU per gram; coliform less than or equal to 10 CFU 25 per gram; Escherichia coli less than or equal to 6 CFU per gram; and Stafilococos-co & g. positive less than or equal to 20 CFU per gram. In some cases, algae flour or algae biomass comprises less than about 20% triglyceride oil in dry weight. In some cases, algae flour or algae biomass comprises less than about
10% triglyceride oil in dry weight.
These and other aspects and modalities of the invention are described in the accompanying drawings, a brief description of which follows immediately, and in the detailed description of the invention below, and are exemplified in the examples below. Any or all of the features discussed above and throughout the application can be combined in various embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The detailed description of the invention is divided into sections and subsections for the convenience of the reader. Section I provides definitions for various terms used in this document. Section II, in parts AE, describes methods for the preparation of microalgae biomass, including suitable organisms (A), methods of generating a microalgae strain without or having significantly reduced pigmentation (B) culture conditions (C), conditions concentration (D), and chemical composition of the biomass produced according to the invention (E). Section III describes methods for processing microalgae biomass in algae flour and defatted algae flour of the invention. Section IV describes various foods of the present invention and methods of combining microalgae biomass with other food ingredients.
All the processes described here can be carried out in accordance with GMP standards or equivalent. In the United States, GMP standards for the manufacture, packaging, or preservation of human food are codified in 21 C.F.R. 110. These provisions, as well as ancillary provisions cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. GMP conditions in the United States, and equivalent conditions in other jurisdictions, apply in determining whether a food is adulterated (the food has been manufactured in such conditions that it is unsuitable for food) or has been prepared, packaged, or kept in unsanitary conditions in such a way that it may have been contaminated or otherwise cause damage to health. GMP conditions may include adherence to regulations that govern: disease control; cleaning and training of personnel, maintenance and sanitary operation of buildings and facilities, provision of adequate sanitary facilities and accommodation, design, construction, maintenance and cleaning of equipment and utensils; providing adequate quality control procedures to ensure that all reasonable precautions are taken when receiving, inspecting, transporting, segregating, preparing, manufacturing, packaging and storing food products in accordance with appropriate sanitation principles to avoid contamination of any origin, and storage and transportation of finished food in conditions that will protect the food against unwanted physical, chemical, or microbial contamination, as well as against deterioration of the food and the container.
I. DEFINITIONS
Unless otherwise defined below, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning normally understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. General definitions of many of the terms used herein may be found in Singleton et al, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed 1994..); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th ^to Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991).
The “percentage of area” refers to the determination of the percentage of area of the chromatographic, spectroscopic and other peaks produced during the experimentation. The determination of the area under the curve of a peak and the percentage of area of a particular peak is routinely performed by one skilled in the art. For example, in the FAME GC / FID detection methods in which the fatty acid molecules in the sample are converted to a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), a separate peak is observed by a fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms with no unsaturation (Cl4: 0) compared to any other fatty acid such as Cl4: 1. The peak area for each class of FAME is directly proportional to its percentage composition in the mixture and is calculated based on the sum of all peaks present in the sample (ie, [area under specific peak / total area of all measured peaks) ] X 100). When referring to the lipid profiles of oils and cells of the invention, “at least 4% C8-C14” means that at least 4% of the total fatty acids in the cell or in the extracted glycerolipid composition have a chain length that includes 8 , 10, 12 or 14 carbon atoms.
The "aerated food" means any food product composed of a continuous and discontinuous phase, where the continuous phase is normally an aqueous solution and the discontinuous phase is normally a gas (air). The continuous phase of the aerated food has a stabilizing property, which allows the stable formation of gas bubbles (air) inside the food. Non-limiting examples of aerated foods include mousses, ice cream and sorbets.
“Axenic” means a culture of an organism that is not contaminated by other living organisms.
"Baked products" means a food item, usually found in a bakery, which is prepared using an oven and usually contains a fermenting agent. Baked products include, but are not limited to, brownies, cookies, pies, cakes and pastries.
"Bioreactor" and "fermenter" mean a partial casing or casing, such as a fermentation tank or vessel, in which cells are typically grown in suspension.
“Bread” means a food that contains flour, liquid and, generally, a fermenting agent. Breads are generally prepared by baking in an oven, although other baking methods are also acceptable. The fermentation agent can be chemical or organic / biological in nature. Typically, the organic fermentation agent is yeast. In the event that the fermentation agent is of a chemical nature (for example, baking powder and / or soda yeast), these food products are referred to as "quick breads". Cookies and other biscuit products are examples of breads that do not contain a fermenting agent.
“Cellulosic material” means cellulose digestion products, in particular, glucose and xylose. Cellulose digestion typically produces additional compounds, such as disaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin, furfural and other compounds. Sources of cellulosic material include, for example, and without limitation, sugar cane bagasse, beet pulp, corn residues, wood chips, sawdust, and cutting grass.
“Coculture” and its variants, such as “coculture” and “cofermentation” mean that two or more types of cells are present in the bioreactor even under culture conditions. The two or more cell types are, for the purposes of the present invention, generally both microorganisms, typically both microalgae, but may, in some cases, include a non-microalgae cell type. The culture conditions suitable for co-culture include, in some cases, those that promote the growth and / or propagation of two or more types of cells, and in other cases, those that facilitate the growth and / or proliferation of just one , or only a subset, of the two or more cells while maintaining cell growth for the rest.
“Cofator” means a molecule, different from the substrate, necessary for an enzyme to carry out its enzymatic activity.
“Minced meat” means a meat product that is formed by reducing the size of the pieces of meat, thus promoting the extraction of proteins from soluble salts, which allow the ground meat to bind together. Crunching also results in a uniform distribution of muscle, fat and connective tissue. Non-limiting examples of minced meat include slices of meat, sausage and hot dogs.
“Reformed meat” is related to the minced meat and has an artifact of having the appearance of a cut, a slice or portion of the meat that has been broken, which is formed by a “fall” of minced meat, with or without the addition of finely ground meat, in which the minced meat's soluble proteins bind the small pieces together. Nuggets are a non-limiting example of reformed meat.
“Conventional food product” means a composition intended for consumption, for example, by a human, which lacks algae biomass or other algae components and includes ingredients normally associated with the food product, in particular vegetable oil, animal fat, and / or egg (s), along with other food ingredients. Conventional food products include food products sold in stores and restaurants and those made at home. Conventional food products are often made following conventional recipes that specify the inclusion of an oil or fat from a source of non-algae and / or egg (s) along with another edible ingredient (s).
“Cooked product” means a food that has been heated, for example, in an oven, over a period of time.
“Creamy salad dressing” means a salad dressing that is a stable dispersion with a high viscosity and a slow flow rate. Creamy salad dressings are generally opaque.
"Cultivate", "culture" and "ferment", and their variants, mean the intentional promotion of the growth and / or propagation of one or more cells, usually microalgae, using culture conditions. The intended conditions exclude the growth and / or propagation of microorganisms in nature (without direct human intervention).
"Cytolysis" means the lysis of cells in a hypothetical environment. Cytolysis results from osmosis, or the movement of water, into a cell to a state of hyperhydration, such that the cell cannot withstand the osmotic pressure inside the water, and so it explodes.
“Degreased seaweed meal” means the biomass of the seaweed which has been transformed into an seaweed meal and then has been subjected to an oil extraction process using the polar and / or non-polar extraction process or gases, such as CO ₂ to produce algae flour that contains less oil, compared to biomass before the extraction process. The cells in defatted algae flour are predominantly or completely lysed and the defatted algal flour contains carbohydrates, including in the form of dietary fiber and may contain proteins and small amounts of residual oil. Degreased algae flour may contain phospholipids or not, depending on the extraction method. Typically, the amount of lipid remaining in the defatted algae flour is from about 1% to about 15% by weight.
"Dietary fiber" refers to non-starchy carbohydrates found in plants and other organisms that contain cell walls, including microalgae. Dietary fiber can be soluble (dissolved in water) or insoluble (cannot be dissolved in water). Soluble and insoluble fiber constitutes the total dietary fiber.
The "delipidated meal" or "defatted algae biomass / flour" means biomass from algae that has been subjected to an oil extraction process and thus contains less oil, compared to biomass before oil extraction. The cells in the delipidated meal are predominantly lysed. Delipidated meals include biomass from algae that have been extracted from the solvent (eg hexane).
The “digestible crude protein” is the portion of the protein that is available or can be converted to free nitrogen (amino acids), after digestion with gastric enzymes. Measurement of crude protein digestible in vitro is performed using gastric enzymes, such as pepsin and digesting a sample and measuring the free amino acid after digestion. The measurement of crude protein digestible in vivo is performed by measuring the protein levels in an animal / human food sample and feeding the sample to an animal and measuring the amount of nitrogen in the feces collected from the animal.
"Dispersion" means a mixture in which the fine particles of at least one substance are spread over another substance. Although a dispersion can mean any particle that is dispersed throughout the continuous phase of a different composition, the term dispersion as used here refers to a fine solid of a substance that is spread or dispersed through another substance, usually a liquid. An emulsion is a special type of dispersion to comprise a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids.
The "dry weight" and "dry cell weight" means the weight determined in the relative absence of water. For example, reference to microalgae biomass as comprising a specified percentage of a given component, in dry weight means that the percentage is calculated based on the weight of the biomass after substantially all of the water has been removed.
The "edible ingredient" means any substance or composition that is fit to be eaten. "Edible ingredients" include, without limitation, grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins, herbs, spices, carbohydrates, sugar and fats.
The term "ingredient" as used here, means ingredients used in food products and / or food compositions. “Ingredient” includes, without limitation, preservatives, flavorings, food additives, food colors, sugar substitutes and other ingredients found in various foods.
"Exogenously supplied" means a molecule supplied to a cell (including a cultured cell supplied to the media).
"Fat" means a mixture of lipids or lipids, which is generally solid at room temperature and ordinary pressures. "Fat" includes, without limitation, lard and butter.
"Fiber" means non-starch carbohydrate in the form of polysaccharide. The fiber can be water-soluble or water-insoluble. Many microalgae produce soluble and insoluble fiber, usually residing in the cell wall.
The "finished food product" and "finished food ingredient" means a food composition that is ready for packaging, use, or consumption. For example, a "finished food product" may have been cooked, or the ingredients comprising the "finished food product" may have been mixed or otherwise integrated with another. The “finished food ingredient” is normally used in combination with other ingredients to form a food product.
The "fixed carbon source" means molecule (s) containing carbon, typically organic molecules, which are present at room temperature and pressure in solid or liquid form.
"Food", "food composition", "food product" and "foodstuff" means any composition intended to be or that should be ingested by humans as a source of food and / or calories. Food compositions are mainly composed of carbohydrates, fats, water and / or proteins and constitute substantially all of a person's daily caloric intake. The “food composition” can have a minimum weight that is at least ten times the weight of a typical tablet or capsule (typical tablet / capsule weight ranges are less than or equal to 100 mg to 1500 mg). The “food composition” is not encapsulated or in the form of a tablet.
The “glycerolipid profile” means the distribution of different carbon chain lengths and levels of glycerolipid saturation in a particular sample of biomass or oil. For example, a sample may have a glycerolipid profile where approximately 60% of the glycerolipid is C18: 1, 20% is C18: 0, 15% is C16: 0, 5% and is C14: 0. When a carbon length is referenced generically, such as "C: 18", that reference can include any amount of saturation, for example, microalgae biomass containing 20% (weight / mass) lipids such as C: 18 can include Cl8 : 0, Cl8: 1, Cl8: 2, and the like, in equal or different amounts, the sum of which constitutes 20% of the biomass. Reference to the saturation percentage of a given type, for example, “at least 50% monounsaturated in an 18: 1 glycerolipid form” means that the glycerolipid aliphatic side chains are at least 50% 18: 1, but it does not mean necessarily that at least 50% of triglycerides are triolein (three 18: 1 chains linked to a single glycerol backbone); such a profile may include glycerolipids with a mixture of 18: 1 side chains and others, provided that at least 50% of the total side chains are 18: 1.
The “Good Manufacturing Practices” and “GMP” means the conditions established by the standards established in 21 C.F.R. 110 (for human consumption) and 111 (for food supplements), or comparable regulatory schemes established in locations outside the United States. US regulations are promulgated by the United States Food and Drug Administration under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act to regulate manufacturers, processors, and packers of food products and food supplements for human consumption.
"Growth" means an increase in cell size, total cell contents, and / or the cell mass or weight of an individual cell, including an increase in cell weight due to the conversion of a fixed carbon source into oil intracellular. /
The "heterotrophic culture" and its variants, such as "heterotrophic culture" and "heterotrophic fermentation" refer to the intentional promotion of growth (increase in cell size, cell contents, and / or cell activity), in the presence of a source of fixed carbon. Heterotrophic cultivation is carried out in the absence of light. Cultivation in the absence of light means culture of microbial cells for the complete or almost complete absence of light, where the cells do not derive a significant amount of their energy from light (ie, above 0.1%).
The “heterotrophic propagation” and its variants refer to the intentional promotion of propagation (increase in the number of cells through mitosis), in the presence of a fixed carbon source. Heterotrophic propagation is carried out in the absence of light. Propagation in the absence of light means the propagation of microbial cells for the complete or almost complete absence of light, where the cells do not derive a significant amount of their energy from light (ie, above 0.1%).
“Homogenized” means biomass that has been physically broken. Homogenization is a fluid mechanical process, which involves subdividing particles or agglomerates into smaller and more uniform sizes, forming a dispersion that can be subjected to further processing. Homogenization is used in the treatment of various foods and dairy products to improve stability, shelf life, digestion, and taste.
"Increased lipid yield" means an increase in the lipid / oil productivity of a microbial culture that can be achieved, for example, by increasing the dry weight of cells per liter of culture, increasing the percentage of cells containing lipids, and / or increasing the total amount of lipid per liter of culture volume per unit of time.
"In situ" means "in place" or "in its original position". For example, a culture may contain a first type of microalgae cell that secretes a catalyst and a second type of microorganism cell that secretes a substrate, in which the first and second types of cells produce the components necessary for a particular chemical reaction to occur in situ in the coculture without the need for additional separation or processing of the materials.
"Lipid" means any one of a class of molecules that are soluble in non-polar solvents (for example, ether and hexane) and relatively or completely insoluble in water. Lipid molecules have these properties, because they are largely composed of long hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic in nature. Examples of lipids include fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated), glycerides or glycerolipids (such as monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides or neutral fats, and phosphoglycerides or glycerophospholipids) and non-glycerides (sphingolipids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, steroidal lipids, steroidal hormones and cholesterol, prenol lipids including terpenoids, fatty alcohols, waxes, and polyketides).
"Lysate" means a solution that contains the content of lysed cells.
"Lysis" means the rupture of the plasma membrane and, optionally, the cell wall of a microorganism sufficient to release at least some intracellular content, which is generally achieved by mechanical or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
"Lysation" means rupture of the cell membrane and, optionally, the cell wall of a cell or biological organism sufficient to release at least some intracellular content.
“Microalgae” means a eukaryotic microbial organism that contains a chloroplast, and which may or may not be able to perform photosynthesis. Microalgae include mandatory photoautotrophs, which cannot metabolize a fixed carbon source, such as energy, as well as heterotrophs, which can live only outside a fixed carbon source, including mandatory heterotrophs, which cannot perform photosynthesis. Microalgae include single-celled organisms that separate from their sister cells, shortly after cell division, such as Chlamydomonas, as well as microbes, such as, for example, Volvox, which is a simple multicellular photosynthetic microbe from two different types of cells. The “microalgae” also include cells, such as Chlorella, Dunaliella and ParaChlorella.
“Microalgae biomass”, “algae biomass” and “biomass” means a material produced by the growth and / or propagation of microalgae cells. Biomass can contain cells and / or intracellular content, as well as extracellular material. Extracellular material includes, but is not limited to, compounds secreted by the cell.
“Microalgae oil” and “algae oil” means any of the lipid components produced by microalgae cells, including triacylglycerols.
"Micronized" means the biomass in which the cells were disrupted. For example, cells can be disrupted by well-known methods, including high pressure, mechanical, shear, ultrasound (or an equivalent process) so that at least 50% of the particle size (the average particle size) is not more than 10 μΜ in its dimension or larger diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume. Typically, at least 50% to 90% or more of such particles are less than 5 pm in size or larger than a sphere of equivalent volume. In any case, the average micronized biomass particle size is smaller than the intact microalgae cell. The dimensions of the referred particles are those resulting from homogenization and are preferably measured as soon as possible after homogenization has occurred and before drying, to avoid possible distortions caused by agglomeration of particles, which may occur during the drying process. Some particle size measurement techniques, such as laser diffraction, detect the size of agglomerated particles instead of individual particles and may show a larger apparent particle size (for example, the average particle size of 1-100 pm ) after drying. Since the particles are typically approximately spherical, the diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume and the largest particle size are approximately the same.
"Microorganisms" and "microbe" means any single-cell microscopic organism.
“Sensation in the mouth”, as used here, means the perception of food composition in the mouth. The sensation in the mouth is a term used and understood by those skilled in the art. The sensation in the mouth includes perceptions selected from the group consisting of cohesion, density, astringency, dryness, fracture, granulation, guminess, hardness, weight, moisture absorption, moisture release, lining of the mouth, roughness, slippery, smoothness, uniformity , uniformity of the bite, uniformity of chewing, viscosity and moisture of the food composition, when placed in the mouth.
"Nutritional supplement" means a composition intended to supplement the diet, providing specific nutrients instead of bulk calories. A nutritional supplement can contain any one or more of the following ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb, an amino acid, an essential fatty acid, and other substances. Nutritional supplements are usually compressed or encapsulated. An encapsulated nutritional supplement or a single pill is usually taken at a level not exceeding 15 grams per day. Nutritional supplements can be supplied in ready-to-mix sachets that can be mixed with food compositions, such as yogurt or a “creamy”, to supplement the diet, and are typically ingested at a level not exceeding 25 grams per day.
“Oil” means any triacylglyceride (or triglyceride oil) produced by an organism, including microalgae, other plants, and / or animals. "Oil", as distinct from "fat", refers, unless otherwise stated, to lipids that are generally liquid at room temperature and ordinary pressures. However, coconut oil is usually solid at room temperature, as are some palm oils and palm oils. For example, “oil” includes vegetable or plant-derived seed oils, including, without limitation, soybean oil, rapeseed, canola, palm, palm seed, coconut, corn, olive, sunflower, cottonseed , cuphea, peanut, camelina sativa, mustard seed, cashews, oats, lupine, kenaf, marigold, hemp, coffee, hazelnut, flaxseed, euphorbia, pumpkin seed, coriander, camelina, sesame, saffron, rice, tung oil tree, cocoa, copra, Pium poppy, castor, pecan, jojoba, jatropha (jatropha (jatropha), macadamia, Brazil nut, and avocado, as well as their combinations.
“Osmotic shock” means the rupture of cells in a solution after a sudden reduction in osmotic pressure and can be used to induce the release of cellular components of cells from a solution.
“Pasteurization” means a heating process that is designed to reduce microbial growth in food products. Typically, pasteurization is carried out at an elevated temperature (but below the boiling point) for a short period of time. As described here, pasteurization can not only reduce the number of unwanted microbes in food products, but can also inactivate certain enzymes present in the food product.
"Polysaccharide" and "glycan" means any carbohydrate made of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is an example of a polysaccharide that constitutes certain plant cell walls.
“Door” means an opening in a bioreactor that allows inflow or outflow of materials, such as gases, liquids and cells; a port is usually connected to the pipe.
“Predominantly encapsulated” means that more than 50% and, typically, more than 75% to 90% of a referenced component, for example algae oil, is stored in a referenced container, which may include, for example, a cell of microalgae.
"Predominantly intact cells" and "Predominantly intact biomass" means a population of cells that comprises more than 50, and often more than 75, 90, and 98% of intact cells. “Intact” in this context means that the physical continuity of the cell membrane and / or the cell wall surrounding the cell's intracellular components has not been disrupted in any way that could release the intracellular components of the cells in a way that exceeds the permeability of the cell. cell membrane in culture.
"Predominantly lysed" means a population of cells in which more than 50%, and typically more than 75 to 90%, of the cells have been disrupted in such a way that the intracellular components of the cells are no longer completely closed within the cell membrane.
“Proliferation” means a combination of both growth and propagation.
"Propagation" means an increase in the number of cells through mitosis or other cell division.
“Approximate analysis” means the analysis of foodstuffs for fat, nitrogen / protein, crude fiber (cellulose and lignin as the main components), moisture and ash. Carbohydrates (total dietary fiber and free sugars) can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the known analysis values from approximately 100 (carbohydrates by difference).
"Shelf life", as used herein, means the period of time when the food composition is considered acceptable. The properties of a food composition, including its texture, mouthfeel, taste, aroma, sterility and other properties degrade over time. During the shelf life of a food composition, the properties of the food composition can degrade, but the composition can still be determined to be acceptable as a food composition.
“Sonication” means the rupture of biological materials, such as a cell, by the energy of sound waves.
“Furfural species” means 2-furancarboxaldehyde and derivatives thereof that retain the same structural characteristics.
“Fodder” means dry leaves and stems of a crop remaining after a grain has been grown from that crop.
“Suitable for human consumption” means a composition that can be consumed by humans as a dietary intake without adverse health effects and can provide significant caloric intake due to the absorption of digested material in the gastrointestinal tract.
“Uncooked product” means a composition that has not undergone heating, but may include one or more components previously subjected to heating.
“V / V” or “v / v”, in reference to volume ratios, means the ratio of the volume of a substance in a composition to the volume of the composition. For example, reference to a composition comprising between 5% v / v microalgae oil means that 5% of the volume of the composition is composed of microalgae oil (for example, such a composition having a volume of 100 mm would contain 5 mm microalgae oil) and the rest of the composition volume (for example, 95 mm in the example) is made up of other ingredients.
"P / P" or "p / p", in reference to weight ratios, means the ratio of the weight of a substance in a composition to the weight of the composition. For example, reference to a composition comprising 5% w / w microalgae biomass means that 5% of the composition weight is composed of microalgae biomass (for example, such a composition with a weight of 100 mg would contain 5 mg of microalgae biomass) and the rest of the composition weight (for example, 95 mg in the example) is composed of other ingredients.
II. METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MICRO ALGAE BIOMASS
The present invention provides algae biomass suitable for human consumption, which is rich in nutrients, including lipids and / or protein constituents, methods for combining them with food ingredients and food compositions containing them. The present invention arose in part from the findings that algae biomass can be prepared with a high oil content and / or with excellent functionality and the resulting biomass incorporated in food products. In addition, degreasing algae biomass (in the form of defatted algae flour) can provide unique and surprising functionality and can be incorporated into food products. Biomass also provides several beneficial micronutrients in addition to oil and / or proteins, such as dietary fibers derived from algae (both soluble and insoluble in carbohydrates), phospholipids, glycoprotein, phytosterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and selenium. The algae biomass comprises the algae cells grown, grown or propagated as described herein or, under conditions well known to those skilled in the art.
This first section reviews the types of microalgae suitable for use in the methods of the invention (part A), methods of generating a microalgae strain without pigmentation or significantly reduced pigmentation (part B), then the culture conditions (part C) which are used to propagate the biomass, then the concentration steps, which are used to prepare the biomass for further processing (part D), and ends with a description of the chemical composition of the biomass prepared according to the methods of the invention ( part E).
A. Microalgae for Use in the Methods of the Invention
A variety of microalgae species producing suitable oils and / or lipids and / or proteins can be used in accordance with the methods of the present invention, although microalgae that naturally produce high levels of suitable oils and / or lipids and / or proteins are preferred shares. Considerations that affect the selection of microalgae for use in the present invention include, in addition to the production of oils, lipids or proteins suitable for the production of food products: (1) high content of lipids (or protein) as a percentage of the cell weight; (2) ease of growth; (3) ease of propagation; (4) ease of processing biomass; (5) glycerolipid profile, and (6) absence or almost absence of algae toxins (Example 4 below demonstrates the dry microalgae biomass and oils or lipids extracted from the algae biomass do not have detectable toxins).
In some embodiments, the cell wall of the microalgae must be broken during food processing (for example, cooking) to release the functional components, and, in these modalities, the microalgae strains, with cell walls sensitive to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal, for example, a human or other monogastric, are preferred, especially if algae biomass is to be used in raw food products.
Digestibility is generally decreased for microalgae strains, which have a high cellulose / hemicellulose content in the cell walls. Digestibility can be assessed using standard assays known to those skilled in the art, for example, the pepsin digestibility assay.
In particular embodiments, microalgae comprise cells that have at least 10% or more of oil by dry weight. In other embodiments, microalgae contain at least 25-35% or more oil by dry weight. Generally, in these modalities, the more oil contained in the microalgae, the more nutritious the biomass is, so that the microalgae that are grown to contain at least 40%, at least 50%, 75%, or more oil by dry weight are especially preferred. Preferred microalgae for use in the methods of the present invention can grow heterotrophically (in sugars in the absence of light) or are mandatory heterotrophic. Not all types of lipids are desirable for use in food products and / or nutraceutical products, as they may have an undesirable taste or unpleasant odor, as well as exhibit poor stability or provide a poor flavor, and these considerations also influence selection of microalgae for use in the methods of the invention.
Microalgae of the Chlorella genus are generally useful in the methods of the present invention. Chlorella is a genus of single-celled green algae, belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta. Chlorella cells are generally spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 pm in diameter, and without flagella. Some species of Chlorella are naturally heterotrophic. In preferred embodiments, the microalgae used in the methods of the present invention are Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella zofinienesi, Chlorella luteoviridis, Chlorella kessleri, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata Chlorella sp., Chlorella cf. minutissima or Chlorella emersonii. Chlorella, particularly Chlorella protothecoides, is a preferred microorganism for use in the methods of the present invention because of its high lipid composition. Particularly preferred species of Chlorella protothecoides for use in the methods of the invention include those exemplified in the examples below.
Other species of Chlorella suitable for use in the methods of the invention include the species selected from the group consisting of anitrata, Antarctica, aureoviridis, Candida, capsulate, dehydrate, ellipsoidea (including strain CCAP 211/42), emersonii, fusca (including var. Vacuolata) , glucotropha, infusionum (including var. actophila and var. auxenophila), kessleri (including any of the UTEX strains 397.2229.398), Lobophora (including strain SAG 37.88), luteoviridis (including strain SAG 2203 and var. aureoviridis and fights cens) , miniata, cf. minutissima, minutissima (including UTEX 2341 strain), mutabilis, nocturnal, ovalis, parva, photophila, pringsheimii, protothecoides (including any of the UTEX strains 1806, 411, 264, 256, 255, 250, 249, 31, 29, 25 or CCAP 211 / 8D or CCAP 211/17 and var. Acidicola), regularis (including minimum var, and umbricatd), reisiglii (including strain CCP 11/8), saccharophila (including strain CCAP 211/31, CCAP 211/32 and var. ellipsoidea), saline, simplex, sorokinian (including strain SAG 211.40B), sp. (Including UTEX 2068 and CCAP 211/92), sphaerica, stigmatophora, trebouxioides, vanniellii, vulgaris (including CCAP strains
211/1 IK, CCAP 211/80 and ferttia and var. Autotrophica, viridis, vulgaris, f vulgaris. Tertia, f vulgaris, viridis), xanthella and zofingiensis.
Chlorella species (and species of other microalgae genera) for use in the present invention can be identified by comparing determined target regions of their genome with those same regions of the species identified in this document, the preferred species are those that exhibit identity or at least a very high level of homology with the species identified in this document. For example, the identification of a specific species or Chlorella strain can be achieved through amplification and sequencing of chloroplast and / or nuclear DNA, using primers and methodologies that use the appropriate regions of the genome, for example, using the methods described in Wu et al., Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 42: 115-121 (2001), Identification of Chlorella spp. using ribosome DNA sequences. Well-established methods of phylogenetic analysis, such as amplification and sequencing of the internal ribosomal transcript spacer (ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA), RNA 23S, 18S rRNA and other conserved genomic regions can be used by those skilled in the technique of identifying species not only of Chlorella, but other microalgae that produce oils and lipids suitable for use in the methods described here. For examples of algae identification and classification methods see Genetics, 170 (4): 1601-10 (2005) and RNA, 11 (4): 361-4 (2005).
Thus, genomic DNA comparison can be used to identify suitable microalgae species to be used in the present invention. Conserved genomic DNA regions, such as and not limited to DNA coding for 23 S rRNA, can be amplified from microalgae species that can, for example, be taxonomically related to the preferred microalgae used in the present invention and compared to corresponding regions of those preferred species. Species that exhibit a high level of similarity are then selected for use in the methods of the invention. Illustrative examples of such a DNA sequence comparison between species within the Chlorella genus are presented below. In some cases, the microalgae that are preferred for use in the present invention have genomic DNA sequences that encode 23S rRNA, which have at least 65% nucleotide identity with at least one of the sequences listed in SEQ ID NO: 1-23 and 26-27. In other cases, the microalgae that are preferred for use in the present invention have genomic DNA sequences encoding 23 S rRNA, which are at least 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% , 99% or more nucleotide identity with at least one or more of the sequences referred to in SEQ ID NOs: 1-23 and 26-27. The genotyping of a food composition and / or algae biomass before being combined with other ingredients for the formulation of a food composition is also a reliable method for determining whether the algae biomass is more than just a single microalgae strain. .
By comparing the sequence to determine the percentage of nucleotide or amino acid identity, typically a sequence acts as a reference sequence, in which the test sequences are compared. In the application of a sequence comparison algorithm, the test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, the subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and the parameters of the sequence algorithm program are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percentage of sequence identity for the test sequence (s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. The optimal sequence alignment for comparison can be performed, for example, by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman &
Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970), by the similarity research method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics software package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI), or by visual inspection ( see generally Ausubel et al., supra). Another example of the algorithm that is suitable for determining the percentage of sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990). The software for performing BLAST analyzes is publicly available through the National Biotechnology Information Center (at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov web address).
In addition to Chlor ella, other genera of microalgae can also be used in the methods of the present invention. In preferred embodiments, the microalgae is a species selected from the group consisting of Parachlorella kessleri, Parachlorella beijerinckii, Neochloris oleabundans, Bracteacoccus, including B. grandis, B. cinnabarinas, and B. aerius, Bracteococcus sp. or Scenedesmus rebescens. Other non-limiting examples of microalgae species include those species from the species group and genera consisting of Achnanthes orientalis; Agmenellum; Amphiprora hyaline; Amphora, including A. coffeiformis including A. c. linea,
A. c. punctata, A.c. taylori, A.c. tenuis, A.c. delicatissima, A.c. delicatissima capitata; Anabaena; Ankistrodesmus, including A. falcatus; Boekelovia hooglandii; Borodinella; Botryococcus braunii, including B. sudeticus; Bracteoccocus, including B. aerius, B.grandis, B.cinnabarinas, B.minor, and
B. medionucleatus; Carteria; Chaetoceros, including C. gracilis, C. muelleri, and C. muelleri subsalsum; Chlorococcum, including C. infusionum; Chlorogonium; Chroomonas; Chrysosphaera; Cricosphaera; Crypthecodinium cohnii; Cryptomonas; Cyclotella, including C. cryptica and
C. meneghiniana; Dunaliella, including D. bardawil, D. bioculata, D. granulate, D. maritime, D. minuta, D. parva, D. peircei, D. primolecta, D. salina, D. terricola, D. tertiolecta, and D. viridis; Eremosphaera, including E. viridis; Ellipsoidon; Euglena; Franceia; Fragilaria, including F. crotonensis; Gleocapsa; Gloeothamnion; Hymenomonas; Isochrysis, including I. off. galbana and I. galbana; Lepocinclis; Micractinium (including UTEX LB 2614); Monoraphidium, including M. minutum; Monoraphidium; Nannochloris; Nannochloropsis, including N. salina; Navicula, including N acceptata, N. biskanterae, N. pseudotenelloides, N. pelliculosa, and N. saprophila; Neochloris oleabundans; Nephrochloris; Nephroselmis; Nitschia communis; Nitzschia, including N. alexandrina, N. communis, N. dissipata, N. frustulum, N. hantzschiana, N. inconspicua, N. intermedia, N. microcephala, N. pusilia, N. pusilia elliptica, N. pusilia monoensis, and Square number; Ochromonas; Oocystis, including O. parva and O. pusilia; Oscillatoria, including O. limnetica and O. subbrevis; ParaChlorella, including P. beijerinckii (including strain SAG 2046) and P. kessleri (including any of SAG strains 11.80, 14.82, 21.11H9); Pascheria, including P. acidophila; Pavlova; Phagus; Phormidium; Platymonas; Pleurochrysis, including P. carterae and P. dentate; Prototheca, including P. stagnora (including UTEX 327), P. portoricensis, and P. moriformis (including UTEX strains 1441,1435, 1436, 1437, 1439); PseudoChlorella aquatica; Pyramimonas; Pyrobotrys; Rhodococcus opacus; Sarcinoid chrysophyte; Scenedesmus, including S. armatus and S. rubescens; Schizochytrium; Spirogyra; Spirulina platensis; Stichococcus; Synechococcus; Tetraedron; Tetraselmis, including T. suecica; Thalassiosira weissflogii; and Viridiella fridericiana.
All fermentation processes are subject to contamination by other microorganisms. The biomass and algae meal of the present invention are grown and processed under conditions to minimize contamination. However, contamination cannot be entirely avoided. Contamination can occur during all phases of operation, including during cultivation and propagation, the harvesting of microalgae, the preparation of algae flour and during the transport and storage of algae flour and algae biomass. Contaminating microbial species may or may not be identified.
The algae biomass and algae flour may comprise contaminating microorganisms of less than or equal to 10,000 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 7,500 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 5,000 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour or less than or equal to 2,500 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour.
The algae biomass and algae flour may comprise contaminating microorganisms, where the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of contaminating yeast with a value less than or equal to 200 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 150 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 100 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, or less than or equal to 50 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour. The algae biomass and algae flour may comprise contaminating microorganisms, where the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of mold contamination for a value less than or equal to 200 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 150 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 100 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 50 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour. The algae biomass and algae flour may comprise contaminating microorganisms, where the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of contamination of coliform bacteria of less than or equal to 10 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, contamination of coliform bacteria less than or equal to 8 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, contamination of coliform bacteria of less than or equal to 5 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour. The algae biomass and algae flour can comprise contaminating microorganisms, where the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of contamination of Escherichia coli of less than or equal to 10 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to equal to 8 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 6 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 4 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour. The algae biomass and algae flour may comprise contaminating microorganisms, where the contaminating microbe is selected from the group consisting of Staphylococci contamination of less than or equal to 20 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 15 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, less than or equal to 10 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour or less than or equal to 5 CFU per gram of algae biomass or algae flour. Seaweed biomass and seaweed flour can comprise contaminating microorganisms, in which the contamination of Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Listeria is undetectable in 50 grams of algae biomass or algae flour, undetectable in 25 grams of algae biomass or flour algae, undetectable in 20 grams of algae biomass or algae flour, undetectable in 15 grams of algae biomass or algae flour, undetectable in 10 grams of algae biomass and algae flour.
The amount of contaminating microbes can be measured by tests known to those skilled in the art. For example, the total aerobic plaque count, contamination of coliforms and E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria can be determined by AOAC 966.23, 966.24, 2004.03 and 999.06, respectively. The contaminating yeast and mold can be measured by the methods described in FDA-BAM, 7th edition, and Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa per USP31, NF26, 2008, and the like.
In some embodiments, food compositions and food ingredients, such as algae flour or algae biomass are derived from algae with at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 98% 23S rRNA sequence identity genomics of one or more sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO : 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23 , SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO: 27.
B. Methods of Generation a Microalgae Strain without Pigmentation or that Significantly Reduced Pigmentation
Microalgae like Chlorella can be capable of both photosynthetic and heterotrophic growth. When grown in heterotrophic conditions where the carbon source is a fixed carbon source, and in the absence of light, microalgae are normally green in color, yellow, without pigmentation or are significantly reduced in green pigmentation. Microalgae with reduced green pigmentation (or without green pigmentation) can be advantageous as a food ingredient. An advantage of reduced green pigmentation microalgae (or without green pigmentation) is that the microalgae has a reduced chlorophyll flavor. Another advantage of reduced green pigmentation microalgae (or without green pigmentation) is that, as a food ingredient, adding microalgae to foodstuffs will not give a green color that can be unpleasant for the consumer. The reduced green pigmentation of microalgae grown under heterotrophic conditions is transient. When it returns to phototrophic growth, microalgae capable of both phototrophic and heterotrophic growth will recover green pigmentation. Furthermore, even with reduced green pigments, heterotrophically grown microalgae have a yellow color and this may not be suitable for some food applications where the consumer expects the color of the food product to be white or light in color. Thus, it is advantageous to generate a microalgae strain that is capable of heterotrophic growth (so that it has reduced green pigmentation or without green pigmentation) and also reduced yellow pigmentation (so that it has a neutral color for food applications).
One method for the generation of microalgae strains, without pigmentation or with significantly reduced pigmentation is through mutagenesis and then screening for the desired phenotype. Various methods of mutagenesis are known and practiced in the art. For example, Urano et al., (Urano et al., J Bioscience Bioengineering (2000) v. 90 (5): pp. 567-569) describes yellow and white Chlorella ellipsoidea mutants generated using UV irradiation. Kamiya (Kamiya, Plant Cell Physiol. (1989) v. 30 (4): 513-521) describes a colorless strain of Chlorella vulgaris, llh (M125).
In addition to mutagenesis by UV irradiation, chemical mutagenesis can also be used in order to generate microalgae with reduced pigmentation (or without pigmentation). Chemical mutagens, such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG) have been shown to be effective chemical mutagens in a variety of microbes, including yeasts, fungi, mycobacteria and microalgae. Mutagenesis can also be carried out in several stages, in which the microalgae is exposed to the mutagenic agent (either UV or chemical or both) and then screened for the desired reduced pigmentation phenotype. Colonies with the desired phenotype are then plated and isolated again to ensure that the mutation is stable from one generation to the next and that the colony is pure and not from a mixed population.
In a particular example, Chlorella protothecoides was used 5 to generate strains without or with reduced pigmentation using a combination of UV and chemical mutagenesis. Chlorella protothecoides was exposed to a cycle of chemical mutagenesis with NTG and the colonies were screened for color mutants. Colonies that do not show color mutations were then subjected to a cycle of UV radiation and 10 were tested again for color mutants. In one embodiment, a cell line of Chlorella protothecoides without pigmentation has been isolated and is Chlorella> protothecoides 33-55, deposited on October 13, 2009 at the American Type Culture Collection at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209, in accordance with the Budapest Treaty, with a patent filing name of PTA-10397. In another embodiment, a strain of Chlorella protothecoides with reduced pigmentation has been isolated and is Chlorella protothecoides 25-32, deposited on October 13, 2009 at the American Type Culture Collection at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209, in accordance with the Budapest Treaty of 20, with a patent filing name of PTA-10396.
C. Cultivation Conditions and Medium for Microalgae
Microalgae are grown in liquid media to propagate biomass according to the methods of the present invention. In the methods of the invention, microalgae species are grown in a medium containing a fixed carbon and / or fixed nitrogen source, in the absence of light. This growth is known as heterotrophic growth. For some microalgae species, for example, heterotrophic growth over long periods of time, such as 10 to 15 or more days, under limited nitrogen conditions results in the accumulation of high lipid content in cells.
Culture media typically contain microalgae components, such as a fixed carbon source (discussed below), a fixed nitrogen source (such as a protein, soy flour, yeast extract, corn starch liquor, ammonia, ( pure or in the form of salt), nitrate, or nitrate salt), trace elements (eg zinc, boron, copper, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum and, for example, in the respective forms of ZnCl ₂ , H ₃ BO ₃ , CoC1 ₂ -6H ₂ O, CuC1 ₂ -2H ₂ O, MnCl ₂ -4H ₂ O and (NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ -4H ₂ O), optionally, a buffer for maintaining the pH, and phosphate (from a phosphorus source; other phosphate salts can be used). Other components include salts, such as sodium chloride, particularly for marine microalgae.
In a particular example, a medium suitable for the cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides comprises proteose medium. This medium is suitable for axenic cultures, and a volume of 1 L of culture medium (pH ~ 6.8) can be prepared by adding 1 g of peptone proteose to 1 liter of Bristol medium. Bristol medium comprises 2.94 mM NaNO ₃ , 0.17 mM CaCl ₂ -2H ₂ O, 0.3 mM MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 0.43 mM, 1.29 mM KH ₂ PO ₄ , and 1 , 43 mM NaCl in aqueous solution. Using 1.5% agar, 15 g of agar can be added to 1 L of solution. The solution is covered and autoclaved and then stored at a refrigerated temperature before use. Other methods for the growth and spread of Chlorella protothecoides to high oil levels as a percentage of dry weight have been described (see, for example, Miao and Wu, J Biotechnology, 2004, 11: 85-93 and Miao and Wu, Biosource Technology (2006) 97: 841-846 (demonstrating fermentation methods for obtaining oil of 55% dry cell weight)). Oil-rich algae can generally be generated by increasing the length of a fermentation, providing an excess carbon source under nitrogen limitation.
Solid and liquid growth media are generally available from a wide variety of sources, and instructions for preparing the particular medium that is suitable for a wide variety of strains of microorganisms can be found, for example, online at http: / /www.utex.org/, a website maintained by the University of Texas at Austin 5 for its collection of algae cultures (UTEX). For example, the various freshwater media include 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, IX, 2/3, 2X CHEV Diatom Medium, 1: 1 DYIII / PEA + Gr +; Ag Diatom medium; Allen medium; BG11-1 medium; Bold medium 1NV and 3N; Botryococcus medium; Bristol Middle; Chu medium; CRI, CR1-S, and CR1 + Diatom medium; Cyanidium medium; Cyanophycean medium; Desmid Medium 10; DYIII medium; Euglena medium; HEPES medium; Medium J; Half Malt; Half MES; Modified 3N Bold Medium; Modified COMBO medium; Medium N / 20; Half Ochromonas; P49 medium; Polytomella medium; Proteose medium; Snow Algae medium; Soil extract medium; Soil water: Medium BAR, GR-, GRZNH4, GR +, GR + / NH4, PEA, Peat, and Medium VT; Spirulina medium; Half Tap; 15 Trebouxia Medium; Volvocacean medium; Volvocacean-3N medium; Volvox medium;
Volvox-Dextrose Medium; Waris medium; and Waris medium + soil extract. Various Saltwater Means include: Medium 1%, 5% and IX F / 2; Erdschreiber medium; 1/2, IX and 2X; Soil Medium + Seawater * />, 1/3,%, 1/5, IX and 2X; 1/4 ERD; Enriched Salt Water Medium 2/3; 20% Allen + 80% 20 ERD; Artificial Saltwater Medium; Medium BG11-1 + 0.36% NaCl; BG11-1 medium + 1% NaCl; Bold lNV medium: Erdshreiber (1: 1) and (4: 1); Bristol-NaCl; Dasycladales Middle of Salt Water; Enriched Saltwater Medium 1/2 and IX, including Medium ES / 10, ES / 2, and ES / 4; F / 2 + NH4; LDM; Modified CHEV IX and 2X; Modified CHEV 2X + Solo; Modified Artificial Salt Water Medium 25; Porfridium Medium; and Half Diatom SS.
Other means suitable for use with the methods of the present invention can be easily identified through the URL identified above, or by consulting other organizations that maintain cultures of microorganisms, such as SAG, CCAP, or CCALA. SAG refers to
Seaweed Culture Collection at the University of Gottingen (Gottingen, Germany), CCAP refers to the collection of algae and protozoa cultures managed by the Scottish Marine Science Association (Scotland, United Kingdom), and CCALA refers to the culture collection algae laboratory at the Institute of Botany (Trebon, Czech Republic).
Microorganisms useful according to the methods of the present invention are found in various locations and environments throughout the world. As a result of their isolation from other species and their resulting evolutionary divergence, the particular growth medium for optimal growth and generation of oil and / or lipids and / or protein from a particular species of microbes can be difficult or impossible to predict, but those skilled in the art can easily find suitable means through routine testing, taking into account the description. In some cases, some strains of microorganisms may be unable to grow in a growth medium, in particular, due to the presence of an inhibiting component or the absence of any essential nutritional requirements required by the particular strain of microorganism. The examples below provide examples of methods of culturing various species of microalgae to accumulate high levels of lipids, as a percentage of cell dry weight.
The fixed carbon source is a key component of the medium. Sources of fixed carbon suitable for the purposes of the present invention include, for example, glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, N-acetylglucosamine, glycerol, floridoside, glucuronic acid and / or acetate. Other sources of carbon for the cultivation of microalgae according to the present invention include mixtures, such as mixtures of glucose and glycerol, mixtures of glucose and xylose, mixtures of fructose and glucose, and mixtures of sucrose and beet pulp. depolymerized sugar. Other sources of carbon suitable for use in microalgae cultivation include black liquor, corn starch, depolymerized cellulosic material (derived from, for example, corn straw, sugar beet pulp, and grass, for example), lactose, whey, molasses, potatoes, rice, sorghum, sucrose, sugar beet, sugar cane and wheat. One or more carbon source (s) can be supplied at a concentration of at least about 50 μ M, at least about 100 μ M, at least about 500 μ M, at least about 5 mM, at least about 50 mM, and at least about 500 mM.
Thus, in several modalities, the source of fixed carbon energy used in the growth medium comprises glycerol and / or 5- and / or 6-carbon sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and / or xylose, which can be derived from sucrose and / or cellulosic material, including depolymerized cellulosic material. Multiple species of Chlorella and multiple strains within a species can be grown in the presence of sucrose, depolymerized cellulosic material, and glycerol, as described in US Patent Application Publication 20090035842, 20090011480, 20090148918, respectively, and also see, the publication of PCT Patent Application 2008/151149, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, microorganisms are grown using depolymerized cellulosic biomass as the feed load. Unlike other feed loads, such as corn starch or sugar cane sucrose or sugar beet, cellulosic biomass (depolymerized or otherwise) is not suitable for human consumption and can potentially be available at a cost low, which makes it especially advantageous for the purposes of the invention. Microalgae can proliferate in depolymerized cellulosic material. Cellulosic materials generally include cellulose of 40-60% dry weight; hemicellulose 20-40% dry weight; and lignin 10-30% dry weight. Suitable cellulosic materials include residues of woody and herbaceous energy crops, as well as agricultural crops, that is, plant parts, especially the stems and leaves, are not removed from the fields with the primary food or fiber product. Examples include agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, corn fiber (including stalks, leaves, husks and ears), wheat straw, rice straw, sugar beet pulp, citrus pulp, fruit husks citrus; forest residues such as thinning of hardwood and softwood, and hardwood and softwood residues from wood operations; wood residues, such as sawmill residues (wood chips, sawdust) and pulp residues; urban waste, such as paper fractions of solid urban waste, urban wood waste and urban green waste, such as municipal grass clippings; wood construction waste. Additional cellulosics include dedicated cellulosic crops such as cutting grass, hybrid poplar wood, wood and miscanthus, cane fiber, and sorghum fiber. The five-carbon sugars that are produced from such materials include xylose. Chlorella protothecoides, for example, can be successfully grown under heterotrophic conditions using cellulosic sugars from corn straw and sugar beet pulp.
Some microorganisms are able to process cellulosic material and directly use cellulosic materials as a carbon source. However, cellulosic material, in general, needs to be treated to increase the accessible surface area or for cellulose to be first divided as a preparation for microbial use as a carbon source. Ways of preparing or pre-treating cellulosic material for enzymatic digestion are well known in the art. The methods are divided into two main categories: (1) breaking the cellulosic material into smaller particles in order to increase the accessible surface area, and (2) chemical treatment of the cellulosic material to create a usable substrate for enzymatic digestion.
Methods to increase the accessible surface area include steam explosion, which involves using high temperature steam to separate cellulosic materials. Due to the high temperature requirement of the process, some of the sugars in the cellulosic material can be lost, thereby reducing the carbon source available for enzymatic digestion (see for example, Chahal, DS et al., Proceedings of the 2 World Congress of Chemical Engineering; (1981) and Kaar et al., Biomass and Bioenergy (1998) 14 (3): 277-87). The ammonia explosion allows an explosion of cellulosic material at a lower temperature, but is more expensive to perform, and the ammonia can interfere with subsequent enzymatic digestion processes (see, for example, Dale, BE et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering (1982); 12: 31-43) .. Another blast technique involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide blast in order to break down cellulosic material into smaller fragments (see, for example, Zheng et al., Biotechnology Letters (1995); 17 (8): 845-850).
Methods for chemically treating cellulosic material to create substrates usable for enzymatic digestion are also known in the art. US Patent 7,413,882 describes the use of genetically modified microorganisms that secrete beta-glucosidase in the fermentation broth and treatment of the cellulosic material for the fermentation broth to intensify the hydrolysis of cellulosic material, in glucose. Cellulosic material can also be treated with strong acids and bases to aid subsequent enzymatic digestion. US Patent 3,617,431 describes the use of alkaline digestion to break down cellulosic materials.
Chlorella can proliferate in medium containing combinations of xylose and glucose, as depolymerized cellulosic material and, surprisingly, some species still exhibit higher levels of productivity when grown in a combination of glucose and xylose than when grown in glucose or xylose individually. Thus, certain microalgae can either use an inedible feed charge in another way, such as cellulosic material, (or a pretreated cellulosic material) or glycerol as a carbon source and produce edible oils. This allows the conversion of non-edible cellulose and glycerol, which are not normally part of the human food chain (as opposed to corn glucose and sugar cane sucrose and sugar beet) into highly nutritious edible oils, which can provide nutrients and calories, as part of the daily human diet. Thus, the invention provides methods for transforming non-edible feed cargo into highly nourished oils, edible food products, and food compositions.
Microalgae co-cultured with an organism that expresses a secretible sucrose invertase or grown in a medium containing a sucrose invertase or expressing an exogenous sucrose invert gene (where the invertase is either secreted or the organism also expresses a sucrose transporter) can proliferate in waste sugar cane molasses or other sources of sucrose. The use of one of these low value sucrose-containing waste products can provide significant cost savings in the production of edible oils. Thus, methods of cultivating microalgae in a feed of sucrose and formulating food compositions and nutritional supplements as described herein, provides a means to convert low-nutrition sucrose into high-nutrition oils (oleic acid, DHA, ARA, etc.) and biomass containing such oils.
As detailed in the aforementioned patent publications, several distinct species and strains of Chlorella proliferate very well not only in purified reagent grade glycerol, but also in acidified and non-acidified glycerol byproducts of biodiesel transesterification. Surprisingly, some Chlorella strains undergo cell division faster in the presence of glycerol than in the presence of glucose. Two-stage growth processes, in which cells are first fed with glycerol to increase cell density and then quickly fed with glucose to accumulate lipids, can improve the efficiency with which lipids are produced.
Another method for increasing lipids, as a percentage of the cell's dry weight involves the use of acetate as the feed load for the microalgae. The acetate feeds directly at the point of metabolism that initiates the synthesis of fatty acids (ie, acetyl-CoA); thus providing acetate in the culture, it is possible to increase the production of fatty acid. Generally, the microbe is grown in the presence of a sufficient amount of acetate to increase the yield of fatty acid and / or microbial lipid, more specifically, in relation to the yield in the absence of acetate. Acetate feeding is a useful component of the methods provided here for the generation of microalgae biomass that has a high percentage of dry cell weight as lipids.
In another embodiment, the lipid yield is increased by culturing a lipid-producing microalgae in the presence of one or more cofactors for an enzyme via lipids (for example, a fatty acid synthesis enzyme). Generally, the concentration of cofactors is sufficient to increase the yield of microbial lipids (eg, fatty acid) over the yield of microbial lipids in the absence of cofactors. In particular modalities, the cofactor (s) is (are) supplied to the culture, including the culture of a microorganism that secretes the cofactor (s) or by adding cofactor (s) to the medium. culture. Alternatively, microalgae can be manipulated to express an exogenous gene that encodes a protein that participates in cofactor synthesis. In certain embodiments, appropriate cofactors include any vitamin required by an enzyme via lipids, such as, for example, biotin or pantothenate.
Lipid-rich biomass from microalgae is an advantageous material for inclusion in biomass food products compared to lipid-poor biomass, as it allows the addition of less microalgae biomass to incorporate the same amount of lipid in a composition food. This is advantageous, as healthy oils from lipid-rich microalgae can be added to food products without altering other attributes, such as texture and taste compared to lipid-poor biomass. The lipid-rich biomass provided by the methods of the present invention typically has at least 25% lipids per dry cell weight. Process conditions can be adjusted to increase the percentage weight of cells that is lipid. For example, in certain embodiments, a microalgae is grown in the presence of a limit concentration of one or more nutrients, such as, for example, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur, by providing an excess of a fixed carbon source, such as glucose . Nitrogen limitation tends to increase the production of microbial lipids over microbial lipid yield in a culture in which nitrogen is supplied in excess. In particular embodiments, the increase in lipid yield is at least about 10%, 50%, 100%, 200%, or 500%. The microbe can be grown in the presence of a limiting amount of a nutrient for a portion of the total culture period, or for the entire period. In some embodiments, the concentration of nutrients is cycled between a limiting concentration and a non-limiting concentration at least twice during the total culture period.
In a state of constant growth, cells accumulate oil, but do not undergo cell division. In one embodiment of the invention, the growth state is maintained, continuing to supply all components of the original growth media to the cells with the exception of a fixed nitrogen source. The cultivation of microalgae cells, feeding all the nutrients originally supplied to the cells, except for a fixed nitrogen source, for example, by feeding the cells for an extended period of time, results in a higher percentage of lipids by weight dry cell.
In other embodiments, lipid-rich biomass is generated by feeding a fixed carbon source to the cells after all the fixed nitrogen has been consumed for extended periods of time, such as at least a week or two. In some embodiments, cells are allowed to accumulate oil in the presence of a fixed carbon source, and in the absence of a fixed nitrogen source for more than 20 days. Microalgae grown using the conditions described herein or otherwise known in the art can comprise at least about 20% dry weight lipids and often comprise 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, and even 75 % or more by dry weight of lipids. The percentage of dry weight of lipid cells in the production of microbial lipids can therefore be improved by keeping the cells in a state of heterotrophic growth in which they consume carbon and accumulate oil, but do not undergo cell division.
Protein-rich biomass from algae is another advantageous material for inclusion in food products. The methods of the invention can also provide biomass that has at least 30% of its dry cell weight as proteins. Growth conditions can be adjusted to increase the percentage weight of cells that is protein. In a preferred embodiment, a microalgae is grown in an environment rich in nitrogen and an excess of fixed carbon energy, such as glucose or any of the other carbon sources mentioned above. Conditions in which nitrogen is in excess tend to increase the yield of microbial protein during the yield of microbial protein in a culture in which nitrogen is not supplied in excess. For maximum protein production, the microbe is preferably grown in the presence of excess nitrogen during the total culture period. Sources of nitrogen suitable for microalgae may come from sources of organic nitrogen and / or sources of inorganic nitrogen. The lipid content of the protein-rich biomass is less than 30%, less than 20% or less than 10% by weight of lipids.
Sources of organic nitrogen have been used in microbial cultures since 1900. The use of sources of organic nitrogen, such as milhocin liquor, was popularized with the production of penicillin from mold. The researchers found that the inclusion of milhocin liquor in the culture medium increased the growth of the microorganism and resulted in a higher yield of products (such as penicillin). An analysis of milhocin liquor determined that it was a rich source of nitrogen and also vitamins such as the B vitamins, pantothenic acid riboflavin, niacin, inositol and nutrient minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium (Ligget and Koffler, Bacteriological Reviews (1948); 12 (4): 297-311). Sources of organic nitrogen, such as milhocin liquor, have been used in fermentation media for yeasts, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Non-limiting examples of organic nitrogen sources are yeast extract, peptone, milhocin liqueur and milhocin powder. Preferred non-limiting examples of inorganic nitrogen sources include, for example, and without limitation, (NH4) ₂ SO ₄ and NH4OH. In one embodiment, the culture media for carrying out the invention contain only sources of inorganic nitrogen. In another embodiment, the culture media for carrying out the invention contain only sources of organic nitrogen. In yet another embodiment, the culture media for carrying out the invention contain a mixture of sources of organic and inorganic nitrogen.
In the methods of the present invention, a bioreactor or fermenter is used for culturing microalgae cells, through the various phases of their physiological cycle. As an example, an inoculum of lipid-producing microalgae cells is introduced into the medium, there is a delay period (delay phase), before the cells begin to propagate. After the delay period, the rate of propagation increases steadily and enters the log phase, or exponential. The exponential phase is, in turn, followed by a reduction in propagation due to a decrease in nutrients such as nitrogen, increases in toxic substances, and quorum detection mechanisms. After this decrease, the propagation stops, and the cells enter a stationary phase or a state of constant growth, depending on the particular environment provided to the cells. To obtain protein-rich biomass, the crop is usually harvested during or shortly after the end after the exponential phase. To obtain lipid-rich biomass, the crop is usually harvested well after the end of the exponential phase, which can be terminated early allowing nitrogen or another key nutrient (other than carbon) to run out, forcing cells to convert the sources carbon, present in excess, for lipid. The parameters of culture conditions can be manipulated to optimize the total oil production, the combination of lipid species produced, and / or the production of a specific oil.
Bioreactors offer many advantages for use in heterotrophic growth and propagation methods. As will be appreciated, the steps taken to take the available light to the cells in photosynthetic growth methods are unnecessary when using a fixed carbon source in heterotrophic growth and the propagation methods described herein. For the production of biomass for use in food, microalgae are preferably fermented in large quantities in the liquid, such as in suspension cultures, as an example. Bioreactors, such as steel fermenters (5000 liters, 10,000 liters, 40,000 liters, and above are used in various embodiments of the invention) can accommodate very large culture volumes. Bioreactors also typically * allow control of culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, oxygen tension, and carbon dioxide levels. For example, bioreactors are typically configured, for example, using the 5 ports attached to the tubing, to allow gaseous components, such as oxygen or nitrogen, to bubble through a liquid culture.
Bioreactors can be configured to flow culture media through the bioreactor for the entire period of time during which the microalgae reproduce and increase in number. In some embodiments, for example, the media can be infused into the bioreactor after inoculation of the cells, but before reaching a desired density. In other cases, a bioreactor is filled with culture medium at the beginning of a culture, and no other culture medium is infused after the culture is inoculated. In other words, the microalgae biomass is grown in an aqueous medium for a period of time during which the microalgae reproduce and increase in number, however, the amounts of aqueous culture medium are not fluid through the bioreactor throughout the time period. Thus, in some embodiments, the aqueous culture medium is not fluid through the bioreactor after inoculation.
Bioreactors equipped with devices, such as rotating blades and rotors, swing mechanisms, stirring bars, means for infusing pressurized gas can be used to subject the microalgae cultures to the mixture. The mixing can be continuous or intermittent. For example, in some embodiments, a turbulent flow regime of gas inlet and media inlet is not maintained during the reproduction of microalgae until a desired increase in the number of said microalgae has been achieved.
As briefly mentioned above, bioreactors are often equipped with several ports that, for example, allow the gas content of the microalgae culture to be manipulated. To illustrate, part of the volume of a bioreactor can be gas, rather than liquid, and the gas inlets of the bioreactor allow pumping of gases into the bioreactor. The gases that can be beneficially pumped into an air bioreactor include air / CO ₂ mixtures, noble gases, such as argon, and other gases. Bioreactors are typically equipped to allow the user to control the speed of entry of a gas into the bioreactor. As noted above, the increase in gas flow to a bioreactor can be used to increase the culture mix.
The increase in gas flow affects the turbidity of the crop as well. Turbulence can be achieved by placing a gas inlet port below the level of the aqueous culture medium, so that the gas entering the bioreactor bubbles to the surface of the culture. One or more gas outlet ports allow the gas to escape, thereby preventing pressure build-up in the bioreactor. Preferably, a gas outlet port leads to a “one way” valve that prevents contaminating microbes from entering the bioreactor.
The specific examples of bioreactors, culture conditions and heterotrophic growth and propagation methods described herein can be combined in any suitable manner to improve the efficiency of microbial and lipid growth and / or protein production.
D. Concentration of Microalgae After Fermentation
Microalgae cultures generated according to the methods described above produce microalgae biomass in the fermentation media. To prepare the biomass for use as a food composition, the biomass is concentrated, or harvested, from the fermentation medium. At the point of harvesting microalgae biomass from the fermentation medium, the biomass comprises predominantly intact cells suspended in an aqueous culture medium. To concentrate the biomass, a dehydration step is performed. Dehydration or concentration refers to the separation of biomass from the fermentation broth or other liquid medium and, thus, is the separation of solid-liquid. Thus, during the removal of water, the culture medium is removed from the biomass (for example, by draining the fermentation broth through a filter that retains the biomass), or the biomass is otherwise removed from the culture medium. Common processes for removing water include centrifugation, filtration, and the use of mechanical pressure. These processes can be used individually or in any combination.
Centrifugation involves the use of centrifugal force to separate mixtures. During centrifugation, the denser components of the mixture migrate away from the centrifuge axis, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate in the direction of the axis. By increasing the effective gravitational force (i.e., by increasing the speed of centrifugation), the denser material, such as solids, is separated from the less dense material, such as liquids, and thus separated according to density. The centrifugation of the biomass and broth or other aqueous solution forms a concentrated paste comprising the microalgae cells. Centrifugation does not remove significant amounts of intracellular water. In fact, after centrifugation, there may still be a substantial amount of surface or free moisture in the biomass (for example, above 70%), so the centrifugation is not considered to be a drying step.
Filtration can also be used to remove water. An example of filtration that is suitable for the present invention is that of tangential flow filtration (TFF), also known as cross flow filtration. Tangential flow filtration is a separation technique that uses membrane and flow force systems to separate solids from liquids. For a suitable illustrative filtration method, see Geresh, Carb. Polym. 50; 183-189 (2002), which describes the use of a hollow fiber filter of
0.45uM MaxCell A / G Technologies. See also, for example, Millipore Pellicon® devices, used with lOOkD, 300 kD, 1000 kD (catalog number P2C01MC01), 0.1 um membranes (catalog number P2WPPV01), 0.22 µM (catalog number P2GVPPV01) , and 0.45uM (catalog number P2IJVMPV01). The retentate preferably does not pass through the filter to a significant degree, and the product in the retentate preferably does not adhere to the filter material. TFF can also be performed using hollow fiber filtration systems. Filters with a pore size of at least about 0.1 micrometer, for example, about 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.2, 0.22, 0.45, or at least about 0.65 micrometer, are suitable. Preferred TFF pore sizes allow solutes and debris within the fermentation broth to flow, but not microbial cells.
The removal of water can also be carried out with a mechanical pressure applied directly to the biomass to separate the liquid fermentation broth from the microbial biomass sufficient to dehydrate the biomass, but not to cause the predominant cell lysis. Mechanical pressure to dehydrate microbial biomass can be applied using, for example, a filter press belt. A press filter belt is a water removal device that applies mechanical pressure to a paste (for example, microbial biomass taken directly from the fermenter, or bioreactor) that passes between the two tensioned belts through a coil with cylinders of decreasing diameter. The filter press belt, in fact, can be divided into three zones: the gravity zone, in which the free draining water / liquid is drained by gravity through a porous belt, a wedge zone, in which the solids they are prepared by applying pressure, and a pressure zone, when adjustable pressure is applied to solids drained by gravity.
After concentration, the microalgae biomass can be processed, as described hereinafter, to produce cake packaged in high vacuum, algae flakes, algae homogenate, algae powder, algae flour, or algae oil.
E. Chemical Composition of Microalgae Biomass
The microalgae biomass generated by the culture methods described herein comprises microalgae oil and / or protein, as well as other constituents generated by the microorganisms or incorporated by the microorganisms from the culture medium during fermentation.
The microalgae biomass, with a high percentage of oil / lipid accumulation in dry weight, was generated using the different culture methods, including those known in the art. Microalgae biomass, with a higher percentage of accumulated oil / lipid is useful according to the present invention. Cultures of Chlorella vulgaris with up to 56.6% lipids in dry cell weight (DCW) in cultures grown under stationary autotrophic conditions using high concentrations of iron (Fe), have been described (Li et al., Bioresource Technology 99 (11 ): 4717-22 (2008) Cultures of Nanochloropsis sp. And Chaetoceros calcitrans with 60% lipid in DCW and 39.8% lipid by DCW, respectively, grown in a photobioreactor under nitrogen fasting conditions have also been described ( Rodolfi et al. Biotechnology & Bioengineering (2008)) Cultures of Parietochloris incise with approximately 30% lipids by DCW when grown phototropically under low nitrogen conditions have been described (Solovchenko et al., Journal of Applied Phycology 20: 245-251 ( Chlorella protothecoides can produce up to 55% of lipids by DCW, when grown under certain nitrogen-deprived heterotrophic conditions (Miao and Wu, Bioresource Technology 97: 841-846 (2006)) Other species of Chlorella, including Chlorella emersonii, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella minutissima have been described as having accumulated up to 63% DCW oil when grown in agitated tank bioreactors under low nitrogen conditions (Ulman et al., Enzyme and Microbial Technology 27: 631-635 (2000). The even higher lipid percentage by DCW has been reported, including 70% lipid, in cultures of Dumaliella tertiolecta grown under conditions of increased NaCl (Takagi et al., Journal of Bio-science and Bioengineering 101 (3): 223-226 (2006)) and 75% lipids in Botryococcus braunii cultures (Banerjee et al .. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 22 (3): 245-279 (2002)).
Heterotrophic growth results in relatively low chlorophyll content (compared to phototrophic systems such as open lagoons or closed photobioreactor systems). Reduced chlorophyll content generally improves the organoleptic properties of microalgae and therefore allows more algae biomass (or oil prepared from it) to be incorporated into a food product. The reduced chlorophyll content found in heterotrophically grown microalgae (eg Chlorella) also reduces the green color in biomass, compared to phototrophically grown microalgae. Thus, the reduced chlorophyll content avoids an often unwanted green color associated with food products containing phototrophically grown microalgae and allows for the incorporation or increased incorporation of algae biomass into a food product. In at least one embodiment, the food product contains microalgae grown heterotrophically from the reduced chlorophyll content compared to microalgae grown phototrophically. In some embodiments, the chlorophyll content of microalgae flour or algae biomass is less than 500 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 10 ppm , less than 2 ppm or less than 1 ppm.
The biomass of microalgae and oil-rich algae flour generated by the culture methods described herein is useful according to the present invention comprising at least 10% microalgae oil per DCW. In some embodiments, microalgae biomass or algae flour comprises at least 15%, 25-35%, 30-50%, 50-55%, 50-65%, 54-62%, 56-60%, at least 75 % or at least 90% microalgae oil per DCW.
The microalgae oil from the biomass described here (or extracted from biomass or algae flour) may comprise glycerolipids with one or more fatty acid esters of different side chains. Glycerolipids are made up of a glycerol molecule esterified to one, two, or three fatty acid molecules, which can be of different lengths and have different degrees of saturation. Specific mixtures of algae oil can be prepared, either within a single species of algae, or by mixing together with biomass (or algae oil) from two or more microalgae species.
Thus, the composition of the oil, that is, the properties and proportions of the fatty acid constituents of glycerolipids, can also be manipulated by combining biomass (or oil) from at least two distinct species of microalgae. In some modalities, at least two of the different microalgae species have different glycerolipid profiles. The distinct microalgae species can be grown together or separately, as described in the present invention, preferably under heterotrophic conditions, to generate the respective oils. Different species of microalgae may contain different percentages of different fatty acid constituents in cell glycerolipids.
In some embodiments, microalgae oil consists mainly of monounsaturated oil such as 18: 1 oil (oleic), particularly in the form of triglyceride. In some cases, algae oil is at least 20% by weight of monounsaturated oil. In various embodiments, algae oil has at least 25%, 50%, 75% or more of monounsaturated oil, such as 18: 1 by weight or by volume. In some embodiments, the monounsaturated oil is 18: 1, 16: 1, 14: 1 or 12: 1. In some cases, algae oil is 60-75%, 64-70%, 65-69% or 18: 1 oil. In some embodiments, the microalgae oil comprises at least 10%, 20%, 25%, or 50% or more of esterified oleic acid or esterified alpha linolenic acid by weight by volume (in particular in the form of triglyceride). In at least one embodiment, seaweed oil comprises less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1% by weight or by volume, or is substantially free of docosahexaenoic acid esterified (DHA (22: 6)) (in particular in the form of triglyceride). For examples of microalgae production containing high DHA, such as Crypthecodinium cohnii in, see US Patent ^Nos. 7,252,979, 6,812,009 and 6,372,460. In some embodiments, the lipid profile of oil extracted from oil or microalgae flour or algae biomass is less than 2% 14: 0; 13-16% 16: 0; 1-4% 18: 0; 64-70% 18: 1; 10-16% 18: 2; 18: 3 0.5-2.5%, and less than 2% oil with a carbon chain length of 20 or more.
The microalgae biomass (and the oil extracted from it), can also include other constituents produced by the microalgae, or incorporated into the biomass from the culture medium. These other components can be present in varying amounts, depending on the culture conditions used and the microalgae species (and, if applicable, the extraction method used to recover the oil from the microalgae biomass). In general, the chlorophyll content in the protein-rich microalgae biomass is higher than the chlorophyll content in the lipid-rich microalgae biomass. In some embodiments, the chlorophyll content in the microalgae biomass is less than 200 ppm or less than 100 ppm. The other components may include, without limitation, phospholipids (eg algae lecithin), carbohydrates, soluble and insoluble fiber, glycoproteins, phytosterols (eg β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, and brassicasterol), tocopherols, tocotrienols , carotenoids (for example, acarotene, β-carotene and lycopene), xanthophylls (for example, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin), proteins, polysaccharides (for example, arabinose, mannose, galactose, 6-methyl galactose and glucose) and various organic or inorganic compounds (eg, selenium).
In some cases, biomass or algae flour comprises at least 10 ppm of selenium. In some cases, biomass or algae flour comprises at least 25% w / w algae polysaccharide. In some cases, biomass or algae flour comprises at least 15% w / w of algal glycoprotein. In some cases, biomass, algae flour or oil derived from biomass comprises between 0-200, 0-115 or 50-115 mcg of total carotenoid per gram of algae biomass or algae flour, and in specific modalities 20-70 or 50 -60 mcg of the total carotenoid content is lutein. In some cases, biomass or algae flour comprises at least 0.5% of algae phospholipids or from about 0.25% to about 1.5% of total phospholipids per gram of algae or biomass flour of algae. In some cases, biomass, algae flour or oil derived from algae biomass contains at least 0.10, 0.02-0.5, or 0.05-0.3 mg / g of total tocotrienols and in modalities specific 0.05-0.25 mg / g is alpha tocotrienol. In some cases, biomass, algae flour or oil derived from algae biomass contains between 0.125 mg / g to 0.35 mg / g in total tocotrienols. In some cases, algae flour or oil derived from algae biomass contains at least 5.0, 1-8, 2-6 or 3-5 mg / 100g of total tocopherols and in specific modalities 2-6 mg / 100g is alpha-tocopherol. In some cases, algae flour or oil derived from algae biomass contains between 5.0mg / 100g 10mg / 100g of tocopherols.
In some cases, the composition of other components of microalgae biomass is different for protein-rich biomass compared to lipid-rich biomass. In specific modalities, protein-rich biomass, algae flour or oil contains between 0.180.79 mg / 100g of total tocopherol and in specific modalities, protein-rich biomass, algae flour or oil contains about 0 , 01-0.03 mg / g of tocotrienols. In some cases, the high protein content of algae flour or oil biomass also contains between 1-3 g / 100 g of total sterols, and in specific modalities, 1,299-2,46 g / 100 g of total sterols. Detailed descriptions of tocotrienols and tocopherols in the composition of Chlorella protothecoides are included in the Examples below.
In some embodiments, the biomass of microalgae or algae flour comprises 20-45% of carbohydrates in dry weight. In other embodiments, biomass or seaweed flour comprises 25-40% or 30-35% of carbohydrates in dry weight. The carbohydrate can be dietary fiber, as well as free sugars, such as sucrose and glucose. In some embodiments, the free sugar in the microalgae biomass is 1-10%,
2-8%, or 3-6% by dry weight. In certain embodiments, the sugar-free component comprises sucrose.
In some cases, microalgae biomass or algae flour comprises at least 5% soluble fiber. In other embodiments, the microalgae biomass or algae flour comprises at least 10% soluble fiber or at least 20% to 35% soluble fiber. In some embodiments, the biomass of microalgae or algae flour comprises at least 5% insoluble fiber. In other embodiments, the biomass of microalgae or algae flour comprises at least 5%, at least 10%, or at least 10% to 25%, or at least 25% to 50% insoluble fiber. Total dietary fiber is the sum of soluble and insoluble fiber. In some embodiments, the biomass of microalgae or algae flour comprises at least 20% of total dietary fiber. In other embodiments, the biomass of microalgae or algae flour comprises at least 25%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 75% of total dietary fiber.
In one embodiment, the monosaccharide content of the total fiber (total carbohydrate minus free sugars) is 1-20% arabinose, 5-50% mannose; 15-80% galactose and 10-70% glucose. In other embodiments, the total fiber monosaccharide content is about 1-2% arabinose, about 10-15% mannose; about 20-30% galactose and 55-65% glucose
III. PROCESSING OF MICRO-ALGAE BIOMASS IN ALGAE FLOUR AND FINISHED FOOD INGREDIENTS
The concentrated microalgae biomass produced according to the methods of the present invention is itself a finished food ingredient and can be used in foodstuffs, without further modification, or with only a minimum of modification. For example, the cake can be vacuum packed or frozen. Alternatively, the biomass can be dried through freeze-drying, a "freeze-dried" process in which the biomass is frozen in a freeze drying chamber so that the vacuum is applied. The application of a vacuum to the freeze drying chamber results from the sublimation (primary drying) and desorption (secondary drying) of the water from the biomass. However, the present invention provides a variety of finished food ingredients derived from microalgae with enhanced properties that result from processing methods of the invention that can be applied to concentrated microalgae biomass. Algae flour comprises algae cells grown, grown or propagated as described herein or, under conditions well known to those skilled in the art, and processed into algae flour, as disclosed herein.
Drying the microalgae biomass, either predominantly in the intact or homogenized form, is advantageous in order to facilitate further processing or for the use of biomass in the methods and compositions described herein. Drying refers to the removal of moisture / free water or the surface of the predominantly intact biomass or the removal of surface water from a homogenized biomass paste (for example, by micronization). Different textures and flavors can be added to food products, depending on whether the algae biomass is dry and, if so, the drying method. Drying the biomass generated from the microalgae grown here described removes water which may be an undesirable component of finished food products or food ingredients. In some cases, drying the biomass can facilitate a more efficient microalgae oil extraction process.
In one embodiment, the concentrated microalgae biomass is first broken up and then spray-dried or flash-dried (that is, subjected to a pneumatic drying process), to form a powder containing predominantly lysed cells to produce algae flour. . In another embodiment, substantially all the oil contained in the algae flour is extracted, leaving the algae flour defatted which is predominantly made up of carbohydrates (including in the form of dietary fibers), proteins and residual oil or lipids.
In some embodiments, microalgae biomass, or algae flour is 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, 2-6%, or
3-5% moisture by weight after drying.
A. Algae Flour
The seaweed meal of the invention is prepared from concentrated microalgae biomass that has been mechanically homogenized and lysed and dried by spraying or flashing the homogenate in powder form (or dried using another pneumatic drying system). The production of algae flour requires that the cells are lysed to release their oil, and that the cell wall and intracellular components are micronized or at least reduced in particle size. The average particle size measured immediately after homogenization, or as soon as it is practiced, is preferably no more than 10, no more than 25, or no more than 100 pm. In some embodiments, the average particle size is 1-10, 1-15, 10-100, or 1-40 μπι. In some embodiments, the average particle size is greater than 10 pm and up to 100 pm. In some embodiments, the average particle size is 0.1-100 µm.
The average size of a Chlorella protothecoides cell is about 5 to 15 pm. In the preparation of seaweed flour, as disclosed herein, the average particle size is less than 10 pm, as taught in Example 8, the variation in homogenization conditions resulted in different particle sizes. The person skilled in the art will recognize that the conditions of homogenization can be varied to produce different particle sizes.
Individual cells, including biomass (algae biomass particles) or algal flour particle clusters to varying degrees. In one embodiment, algae flour particle clusters or algae biomass particle clusters have particle sizes of less than about 1,000 pm, less than 750 pm, less than 500 pm, less than 250 pm, or less than 100 pm.
As noted in the micronization discussion and, in particular, if measured by a technique, such as laser diffraction, which measures agglomerates instead of individual particles, the average particle size is preferably measured immediately after homogenization has occurred or soon as possible afterwards (for example, within 2 weeks) to avoid or minimize potential distortions of measurement of particle size due to agglomeration. In practice, emulsions resulting from homogenization can generally be stored, at least two weeks in a refrigerator without significant change in particle size. Some techniques for measuring particle size, such as laser diffraction, measure the size of particle clusters, rather than individual particles. The measured particle clusters have an average size larger than the individual particles (for example, 1-100 microns). Light microscopy of microalgae flour dispersed in water shows both individual particles and clumps of particles. In dispersing algae flour in water with sufficient mixing (for example, with a manual mixer), but without repeating the original homogenization, the agglomerates can be broken and the laser diffraction can again generally detect an average particle size of no more than 10 pm. Software for analyzing particle size from automated electromicrographs is commercially available and can also be used for particle size measurement. Here, as elsewhere, the average particle size can refer to any measure recognized in the technique of an average, such as arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median or mode. Particle size can be measured by any measure recognized in the art, including the largest particle size or the diameter of a particle of equivalent volume. Because the particles are typically approximately spherical, these measurements can be essentially the same.
After homogenization, the resulting oil, water and micronized particles are emulsified such that the oil is not separated from the dispersion before drying. For example, a pressure breaker can be used to pump a cell paste containing paste through a restricted orifice valve to lyse the cells. High pressure (up to 1500 bar) is applied, followed by an instant expansion through an outlet nozzle. The rupture of the cells is accomplished by three different mechanisms: impact on the valve, high shear of liquid in the orifice, and the sudden drop in discharge pressure, causing an explosion of the cell. The method releases intracellular molecules. A Niro homogenizer (Niro Soavi GEA) (or any other high pressure homogenizer) can be used to process particle cells predominantly 0.2 to 5 microns in length. The processing of algae biomass, under high pressure (about 1000 bar) normally smooths over 90% of the cells and reduces the particle size to less than 5 microns.
Alternatively, a ball mill can be used. In a ball mill, the cells are agitated in suspension with small abrasive particles, such as spheres. The cells break down because of shear forces, grinding between spheres, and collisions with the spheres. The spheres rupture the cells to release the cellular content. In one embodiment, the algae biomass is broken up and formed into a stable emulsion using a Dyno-mill ECM Ultra (CB Mills) ball mill. The cells can also be disrupted by shear forces, such as using mixing (for example, with a high speed or a Waring mixer as examples), the French press, or even centrifuging in case of weak cell walls , to disrupt the cells. A suitable ball mill, including ball and blade size details is described in US Patent 5,330,913.
The immediate product of homogenization is a paste of particles of smaller size than the original cells that are suspended in oil and water. The particles represent cellular debris. The oil and water are released by the cells. Additional water can contribute to the aqueous medium containing the cells before homogenization. The particles are preferably in the form of a micronized homogenate. If left to rest, some of the smaller particles may coalesce. However, even a dispersion of small particles can be preserved by seeding with a microcrystalline stabilizer, such as microcrystalline cellulose.
To form the algae flour, the paste is spray-dried or flash-dried, removing water and leaving a dry powder-like material that contains cell debris and oil. Although the content of flour oil (ie, cells broken as a powder-like material) can be at least 10, 25 or 50% by weight of dry powder, the powder can have a dry rather than greasy feel and appearance (for example, without visible oil) and can also flow freely when stirred. Various flow agents (including various products derived from silica, such as precipitated silica, smoked silica, calcium silicate, aluminum and sodium silicates) can also be added. The application of these materials to hygroscopic or sticky powders with a high fat content prevents drying after hardening and packaging, promotes the free flow of dry powder and can reduce the adhesion, accumulation and oxidation of materials on dry surfaces. All are approved for use in foods at maximum levels designated by the FDA. After drying, the water or moisture content of the powder is generally less than 10%, 5%, 3% or 1% by weight. Other dryers, such as pneumatic dryers or pulse combustion dryers, can also be used to produce algae flour.
The content of algae flour oil may vary, depending on the percentage of oil in the algae biomass. Seaweed flour can be produced from algae biomass of different oil contents. In certain embodiments, algae flour is produced from algae biomass of the same oil content. In other modalities, algae flour is produced from algae biomass of different oil content. In the latter case, algae biomass with variable oil content can be combined and then the homogenization step is carried out. In other embodiments, seaweed flour with a variable oil content is produced first and then mixed in various proportions to achieve an algae flour product that contains the desired final oil content. In an additional embodiment, the algae biomass of different lipid profiles can be combined together and then homogenized to produce the algae flour. In another embodiment, algae flour with different lipid profiles is produced first and then mixed in different proportions to achieve an algae flour product that contains the desired final lipid profile.
The seaweed meal or seaweed biomass of the invention is useful for a wide range of food preparations. Because of the oil content, fiber content and micronized particles, algae flour or algae biomass is a multifunctional food ingredient.
B. Degreased Seaweed Flour
In some cases, algae flour (or any broken microalgae biomass) can be subjected to an oil extraction process to produce a defatted algae flour or algae biomass. Microalgae oils can be extracted using liquefaction (see, for example, Sawayama et al., Biomass and Bioenergy 17: 33-39 (1999) and Inoue et al., Biomass Bioenergy 6 (4): 269-274 (1993)) ; Oil liquefaction (see, for example, Minowa et al., Fuel 74 (12): 1735-1738 (1995)); or supercritical CO ₂ extraction (see for example Mendes et al., Inorgânica Chimica Acta 356: 328-334 (2003)). Degreased algae flours that have had substantially all of the oil extracted using supercritical CO ₂ extraction which will generally contain phospholipids as a function of the extraction process. Other methods of oil extraction, including the use of a polar and non-polar solvent will not only extract substantially all of the oil from the microalgae flour, but will also extract the phospholipids. Degreased seaweed flour still retains the protein and carbohydrates from pre-extracted seaweed flour. The carbohydrates contained in defatted algae flour include carbohydrates in the form of dietary fiber (both soluble and insoluble fiber).
Degreased seaweed flour or algae biomass, with or without phospholipids, is useful as a functional ingredient. Degreased algae flour or algae biomass containing phospholipids has a high emulsifying capacity. Degreased seaweed meal or seaweed biomass, with and without phospholipids, has a high water-holding capacity and is therefore useful for a variety of food applications. Seaweed meal or defatted algae biomass can be a good source of dietary fiber, as it contains carbohydrates in the form of soluble and insoluble fiber.
IV. COMBINATION OF MICRO-ALGAE BIOMASS OR MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE SAME WITH OTHER FOOD INGREDIENTS
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a food composition comprising at least 0.1% w / w of the algae biomass and one or more other ingredients, including one or more food ingredients, wherein the algae biomass comprises at least 10% dry weight, where, optionally, at least 90% of the oil is glycerolipid. In some embodiments, algae biomass contains at least 25%, 40%, 50% or 60% oil in dry weight. In some cases, algae biomass contains 10-90%, 25-75%, 40-75% or 50-70% oil, dry weight, optionally, where at least 90% of the oil is glycerolipid. In at least one embodiment, at least 50% by weight of the oil is monounsaturated glycerolipid oil. In some cases, at least 50% by weight of the oil is an 18: 1 lipid in glycerolipid form. In some cases, less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexanoic acid (D11A) (22: 6). In at least one embodiment, less than 1% by weight of the oil is DHA. A lipid content of algae with low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is preferred to ensure the chemical stability of the biomass. In preferred embodiments, algae biomass is grown under heterotrophic conditions and reduced green pigment. In other modalities, microalgae are a mutant that has no pigmentation or has reduced pigmentation. In another embodiment, the food composition comprises at least 0.1% w / w of biomass algae and one or more other food ingredients and, optionally, one or more other ingredients.
In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a food composition comprising at least 0.1% w / w of the algae biomass and one or more other ingredients, including one or more food ingredients, wherein the algae biomass comprises at least 30% protein by dry weight, at least 40% protein by dry weight, at least 45% protein by dry weight, at least 50% protein by dry weight, at least 55% protein by weight dry, of at least 60% protein by dry weight, or at least 75% protein by dry weight. In some cases, algae biomass contains 30-75% or 40-60% protein in dry weight. In some embodiments, at least 40% of crude protein is digestible, at least 50% of crude protein is digestible, at least 60% of crude protein is digestible, at least 70% of crude protein is digestible, at least 80% of protein crude is digestible, or at least 90% of crude protein is digestible. In some cases, algae biomass is grown under heterotrophic conditions. In at least one modality, algae biomass is grown under nitrogen-filled conditions. In other modalities, microalgae is a color mutant without pigmentation or with reduced pigmentation. In another embodiment, the food composition comprises at least 0.1% w / w algae biomass and one or more other food ingredients and, optionally, one or more other ingredients.
In some cases, algae biomass comprises predominantly intact cells. In some embodiments, the food composition comprises oil that is predominantly or completely encapsulated within the cells of the biomass. In some cases, the food composition comprises predominantly intact microalgae cells. In some cases, algae oil is predominantly encapsulated in biomass cells. In other cases, the biomass comprises predominantly lysed cells (for example, a homogenate). As discussed above, such a homogenate can be supplied as a paste, flakes, powder or flour.
In some types of food composition, algae biomass also comprises at least 10 ppm selenium. In some cases, biomass also comprises at least 15% w / w of algae polysaccharide. In some cases, biomass further comprises at least 5% w / w of algal glycoprotein. In some cases, biomass comprises between 0 and 115 mcg of total carotenoids per gram of biomass. In some cases, biomass comprises at least 0.5% w / w algae phospholipids. In all cases, as already noted, these components are true cellular and non-extracellular components.
In some cases, the algae biomass in the food composition contains components that have antioxidant qualities. The strong antioxidant qualities can be attributed to the multiple antioxidants present in algae biomass, which include, but are not limited to carotenoids, essential minerals such as zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium and manganese. The algae biomass has also been shown to contain other antioxidants, such as tocopherols and tocotrienols. These members of the vitamin E family are important antioxidants and have other health benefits, such as a protective effect against stroke-induced injuries, reversal of arterial blockage, inhibition of breast and prostate cancer cell growth, reduced levels of cholesterol, a reduced risk of type II diabetes and protective effects against glaucomatous damage. The natural sources of tocotrienols and tocopherols can be found in oils produced from palm, sunflower, soy, corn and olive oil, however the compositions provided here have significantly higher levels of tocotrienols than the materials previously known.
In some cases, the food compositions of the present invention contain seaweed oil comprising at least 5mg / 100g, at least 7mg / 100g or at least 8mg / 100g of total tocopherol. In some cases, the food compositions of the present invention contain algae oil comprising at least 0.15 mg / g, at least 0.20 mg / g or at least 0.25 mg / g of total tocotrienol.
In specific embodiments of the compositions and / or methods described above, microalgae can produce carotenoids. In some embodiments, the carotenoids produced by microalgae can be coextracted with the lipids or oil produced by microalgae (that is, the oil or lipid will contain the carotenoids). In some modalities, the carotenoids produced by microalgae are xanthophylls. In some embodiments, the carotenoids produced by microalgae are carotenes. In some modalities, the carotenoids produced by microalgae are a mixture of carotenes and xanthophylls. In various embodiments, the carotenoids produced by microalgae comprise at least one carotenoid selected from the group consisting of astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, cis-beta-carotene, lycopene, and any combination of these. A non-limiting example of an oil carotenoid profile from Chlorella protothecoid.es is included below in the Examples.
In some types of food composition, algae biomass is derived from cultivated and dried algae under conditions of good manufacturing practices (GMP). In some cases, algae biomass is combined with one or more other edible ingredients, including, without limitation, grain, fruit, vegetable, protein, lipid, herb and / or spice ingredients. In some cases, the food composition is a salad, egg, cooked product, bread, coffee, pasta, sauce, soup drink, soda, frozen dessert, butter or cream. In particular embodiments, the food composition is not a tablet or powder. In some cases, the food composition according to the present invention weighs at least 50 g, or at least 100 g.
Biomass can be combined with one or more other food ingredients to make a food product. Biomass can be from a single source of algae (eg, strain), or algae biomass from multiple sources (eg, different strains). Biomass can also be from a single species of algae, but with a different composition profile. For example, a manufacturer can mix microalgae that is rich in oil content with microalgae, which is rich in protein content for the exact oil and protein content that is desired in the finished food product. The combination can be performed by a food manufacturer to make a finished product for retail sale or for use in food service. Alternatively, the manufacturer can sell algae biomass as a product, and the consumer can incorporate algae biomass into a food product, for example, by modifying a conventional recipe. In both cases, algae biomass is normally used to replace all or part of the oil, fat, eggs, or the like used in many conventional food products.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a food composition comprising at least 0.1% w / w of the algae biomass and one or more other edible ingredients, in which the algae biomass is formulated by mixing the algae biomass that contains at least 40% protein by dry weight, with algae biomass containing 40% dry weight of lipid, to obtain a mixture of a desired percentage of protein and lipid dry weight mix. In some modalities, biomass is from the same algae strain. Alternatively, algae biomass containing at least 40% dry lipid weight containing less than 1% of its lipid such as DHA is mixed with algae biomass containing at least 20% lipid, dry weight, containing at least 5% of its lipid like DHA to obtain a dry biomass mixture that contains at least 10% lipids and 1% DHA in dry weight in the aggregate.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing algae biomass by drying an algae culture to provide algae biomass comprising at least 15% oil by dry weight under GMP conditions, wherein the oil from algae has more than 50% monounsaturated lipid.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to algae biomass containing at least 15% dry weight oil manufactured under GMP conditions, where the algae oil has more than 50% 18: 1 lipids. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to algae biomass that contains at least 40% of dry weight oil manufactured under GMP conditions. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to algae biomass that contains at least 55% oil by dry weight manufactured under GMP conditions. In some cases, the algae biomass is packaged as a tablet to distribute a unit dose of biomass. In some cases, the algae biomass is packaged with, or otherwise, has a label providing instructions for combining the algae biomass with other edible ingredients.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to methods for combining microalgae biomass and / or materials derived therefrom, as described above, with at least one other finished food ingredient, as described below, to form a food composition or genus food. In various embodiments, the food composition formed by the methods of the present invention comprises an egg product (powder or liquid), a pasta product, a sauce product, a mayonnaise product, a cake product, a bread product, an energy bar, a milk product, a juice product, a cream, or a creamy one. In some cases, the food composition is not a pill or powder. In various embodiments, the food composition weighs at least 10 g, at least 25 g, at least 50 g, at least 100 g, at least 250 g, or at least 500 g or more. In some embodiments, the food composition formed by the combination of microalgae biomass and / or a product derived from it is an uncooked product. In other cases, the food composition is a cooked product.
In other cases, the food composition is a cooked product. In some cases, the food composition contains less than 25% oil or fat by weight, excluding oil from algae biomass. Fat, in the form of saturated triglycerides (TAG or trans fats) is made when hydrogenating vegetable oils, as is practiced when preparing creams such as margarine. The fat contained in the algae biomass has no trans fats present. In some cases, the food composition contains less than 10% fat or oil by weight excluding the contribution of oil from biomass. In at least one embodiment, the food composition is free of oil or fat, excluding oil contributed by biomass. In some cases, the food composition is oil-free with the exception of oil contributed by biomass. In some cases, the food composition is free of egg or egg products.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making a food composition in which the fat or oil in a conventional food product is totally or partially replaced with algae biomass containing at least 10% by weight of oil. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining an amount of algae biomass for the replacement using the ratio of algae oil in the biomass and the amount of oil or fat in the conventional food product, and combining the algae biomass with at least one other edible ingredient and less than the amount of oil or fat contained in the conventional food product to form a food composition. In some cases, the amount of algae biomass combined with at least one other ingredient, is 1-4 times the mass or volume of oil and / or fat in the conventional food product.
In some embodiments, the method described above also includes providing a recipe for a conventional food product containing at least one other edible ingredient combined with an oil or fat, and combining 1-4 times the mass or volume of algae biomass with the hair. at least one other edible ingredient such as the mass or volume of oil or fat in the conventional food product. In some cases, the method also includes the preparation of algae biomass under GMP conditions.
In some cases, the food composition formed by the combination of microalgae biomass and / or product derived from it comprises at least 0.1%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10% , in at least 25%, or at least 50% of the biomass w / w or v / v of microalgae or microalgae oil. In some embodiments, the food compositions formed as described herein comprise at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, or at least 95% w / w of microalgae biomass or a product derived from it. In some cases, the food composition comprises 5-50%, 10-40% or 15-35% of microalgae biomass products derived from it, by weight or by volume.
As described above, microalgae biomass can be replaced by other components that would otherwise be conventionally included in a food product. In some modalities, the food composition contains less than 50%, less than 40%, or less than 30% of oil or fat by weight, excluding microalgae oil contributed by biomass or from microalgae sources. In some cases, the food composition contains less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% by weight of oil or fat excluding microalgae oil contributed by biomass or from microalgae sources. In at least one embodiment, the food composition is free of oil or fat, excluding microalgae oil contributed by biomass or from microalgae sources. In some cases, the food composition is free of eggs, butter, or other oils and / or fats or at least one other ingredient that should normally be included in a comparable conventional food product. Some foods are free of dairy products (for example, butter, cream and / or cheese).
The amount of algae biomass used to prepare a food composition depends on the amount of non-algae oil, fat, eggs, or the like, to be replaced in a conventional food product and the percentage of oil in the algae biomass. Thus, in at least one embodiment, the methods of the invention include determining an amount of algae biomass to combine with at least one other edible ingredient from an oil to biomass ratio and an oil and / or fat ratio that it is usually combined with at least one other edible ingredient in a conventional food product. For example, if the algae biomass has 50% w / w microalgae oil, and a complete replacement of the oil or fat in the conventional recipe is desired, then the oil can be replaced, for example, in the ratio of 2: 1. The ratio can be measured by mass, but for practical purposes, it is generally easier to measure volume using a measuring cup or spoon, and replacement can be done by volume. In a general case, the volume or mass of fat or oil to be replaced is replaced by (100/100-X) of volume or mass of algae biomass, where X is the percentage of oil in the microalgae biomass. In general, the oils and fats to be replaced in conventional recipes can be replaced by a total of algae biomass, although total replacement is not necessary and any desired oil and / or fat ratio can be maintained and the rest replaced accordingly. tastes and nutritional needs. Because algae biomass contains proteins and phospholipids, which function as emulsifiers, items such as eggs can be replaced, in whole or in part, with algae biomass. If an egg is replaced in total with biomass or algae flour, it is sometimes desirable or necessary to increase the emulsifying agents in the food composition with an additional emulsifying agent (s) and / or adding additional water or other (s) liquid to compensate for the loss of these components that would otherwise be supplied by the egg. In some embodiments, it may be necessary to add additional emulsifying agents. Alternatively, depending on the food composition, it may not be necessary to add additional emulsifying agents.
For simplicity, replacement ratios can also be provided in terms of mass or volume of oil, fat and / or eggs replaced with mass or volume of biomass or algae flour. In some methods, the mass or volume of oil, fat and / or eggs in a conventional recipe is replaced with 5-150%, 25-100% or 25-75% of the mass or volume of oil, fat and / or eggs . The substitution ratio depends on factors such as the food product, nutritional profile of the desired food product, texture and overall appearance of the food product, and the oil content of the biomass or algae flour.
In cooked foods, the determination of percentages (ie weight or volume) can be done before or after cooking. The percentage of algae biomass or algae flour may increase during the cooking process, due to the loss of liquids. Since some algae biomass cells can smooth out during the cooking process, it can be difficult to measure the algae biomass content directly in the cooked product. However, the content can be determined indirectly from the mass or volume of biomass, which went to the crude product as a percentage of the weight or volume of the finished product (based on dry biomass solids), as well as by analysis methods components that are unique to algae biomass, such as genomic sequences, or compounds that are provided solely by algae biomass, such as certain carotenoids.
In some cases, it may be desirable to combine the algae or algae flour biomass with at least one other edible ingredient in an amount that exceeds the proportional amount of oil, fat, eggs, or the like, which is present in a conventional food product . For example, the mass or volume of oil and / or fat of a conventional food product can be replaced with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more times the amount of biomass of seaweed or seaweed meal. Some embodiments of the methods of the present invention include providing a recipe for a conventional food product containing at least one other edible ingredient combined with an oil or fat, and combining 0.25-4 times the mass or volume of algae biomass or seaweed meal with at least one other edible ingredient such as the mass or volume of oil or fat in the conventional food product.
Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour (predominantly intact or homogenized or micronized) and / or seaweed oil are combined with at least one other edible ingredient to form a food product. In some food products, algae biomass and / or algae oil is combined with 1-20, 2-10, or 4-8, other edible ingredients. Food ingredients can be selected from all major food groups, including, without limitation, fruits, vegetables, vegetables, meat, fish, grains (eg wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley), herbs , spices, water, vegetable stock, juice, wine and vinegar. In some food compositions, at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 food groups are represented as well as algae biomass or algae oil.
Oils, fats, eggs and the like can also be combined in food compositions, but, as already discussed above, they are generally present in reduced amounts (for example, less than 50%, 25%, or 10% of the mass or volume of the fat, oil or eggs) compared to traditional food products. Some food products of the present invention are oil free other than those provided by algae biomass and / or algae oil. Some food products are free of oil other than those provided by algae biomass. Some foods are free of fats other than those provided by algae biomass or algae oil. Some foods are free of fats other than those provided by algae biomass. Some foods are free of oil and fats other than those provided by algae biomass or algae oil. Some food products are free of oils and fats other than those provided by algae biomass. Some food products are free of eggs. In some embodiments, oils produced by microalgae may be adapted by growing conditions or strain selection to include levels or a specific fatty acid component (s).
In some cases, the algae biomass or algae flour used to make the food composition comprises a mixture of at least two distinct species of microalgae. In some cases, at least two of the distinct microalgae species have been grown separately.
In at least one embodiment, at least two of the different microalgae species have different glycerolipid profiles. In some cases, the method described above further comprises the cultivation of algae under heterotrophic conditions and preparation of biomass from algae. In some cases, all 5 of at least two distinct species of microalgae contain at least 10% or at least 15% oil by dry weight. In some cases, a food composition contains a mixture of two different biomass preparations of the same species, in which one preparation contains at least 30% oil by dry weight and the second contains less than 15% oil 10 by dry weight. In some cases, a food composition contains a mixture of two different biomass preparations of the same species, where one preparation contains at least 50% oil by dry weight and the second contains less than 15% oil by dry weight, and even though the species is Chlorella protothecoides.
In addition to using algae biomass or algae flour as a substitute for oil, fat, or eggs in another form of conventional foods, algae biomass or algae flour can be used as a supplement in foods that normally do not contain oil, such as a vitamin. The combination of oil with products that are mainly 20 carbohydrates can have benefits associated with oil, and from the combination of oil and carbohydrates, reducing the glycemic index of the carbohydrate. The supply of oil encapsulated in biomass is advantageous in protecting the oil from oxidation and can also improve the taste and texture of the creamy.
Oil extracted from algae biomass or algae flour can be used in the same way as biomass itself, that is, as a substitute for oil, fat, eggs, or the like, in conventional recipes. The oil can be used to replace conventional oil and / or fat at about 1: 1 on a weight / weight or volume / volume basis. The oil can be used to replace eggs by replacing about 1 teaspoon of algae oil per egg optionally in combination with additional water and / or an emulsifying agent (an average of 58g egg is about 11.2 % fat, seaweed oil has a density of about 0.915 5 g / ml, and a teaspoon has a volume of about 5 ml = 1.2 teaspoons of seaweed / egg oil). The oil can also be incorporated into toppings, sauces, soups, margarines, creams, vegetable fats and the like. The oil is particularly useful for food products where the combination of oil with other food ingredients is necessary 10 to obtain a desired taste, texture and / or appearance. The oil content, by weight or volume of food products, can be at least 5, 10, 25, 40 or 50%.
In at least one embodiment, oil extracted from algae biomass or algae flour can also be used as a cooking oil by food manufacturers, restaurants and / or consumers. In such cases, seaweed oil can replace conventional cooking oils, such as safflower oil, canola oil, olive oil, grape seed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, oil palm oil, cooking oil or any other conventionally used. The oil obtained from 20 seaweed biomass or seaweed flour, as with other types of oil, can be subjected to further refinement to increase its fitness for cooking (for example, increasing the smoking point). The oil can be
Í. neutralized with caustic soda to remove free fatty acids. Free fatty acids form a removable soap stock. The oil color can be removed by bleaching with chemicals, such as carbon black and bleaching earth. Bleaching earth and chemicals can be separated from the oil by filtration. Oil can also be deodorized by steam treatment.
Predominantly intact biomass, homogenized or micronized biomass (such as a paste, flakes, powder or flour) and purified algae oil can be combined with other food ingredients to form food products. All are a source of oil with a favorable nutritional profile (relatively high monounsaturated content). The predominantly intact, homogenized and micronized biomass also provides high quality protein (balanced amino acid composition), carbohydrates, fibers and other nutrients, as discussed above. Foods incorporating any of these products can be made in vegetarian or vegetable form. Another advantage in using 10 microalgae biomass or algae flour (or predominantly intact or homogenized (or micronized), or both), as a source of protein is that it is a source of vegetarian / vegetable protein that is not from a source major allergen, such as soy, eggs or dairy.
Other food ingredients with which the 15 seaweed biomass or seaweed flour and / or seaweed oil can be combined according to the present invention include, without limitation, grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins, meat, herbs, spices , carbohydrates and fats. The other edible components with which the algae biomass or algae flour and / or algae oil are combined to form the food compositions 20 depend on the food product to be produced and on the taste, texture and other properties of the desired food product.
Although, in general, any of these sources of * algae oil can be used in any food product, the preferred source depends, in part, on whether the oil is present, mainly for nutritional or caloric purposes instead of appearance, texture or taste of the food, or alternatively, whether the oil in combination with other food ingredients is intended to contribute to a desired taste, texture or appearance of the food, as well as, or instead of, improving its nutritional or caloric profile.
Food products can be cooked by conventional processes, as desired. Depending on the length and temperature, the cooking process can break some cell walls, releasing the oil in such a way that it combines with other components of the mixture. However, at least some algae cells often survive cooking intact. Alternatively, food products can be used without cooking. In this case, the algae wall remains intact, protecting the oil from oxidation.
Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour, if supplied in the form of 10 cells predominantly intact, or as a homogenized powder, differs from oil, fat or eggs in that it can be supplied as a dry ingredient, facilitating mixing with other ingredients dry, just like flour. In one embodiment, algae biomass or algae flour is supplied as a dry homogenate containing between 25 and 40% oil by dry weight. A biomass homogenate can also be supplied as a paste. After mixing the dry ingredients (and biomass homogenate paste, if used), liquids such as water can be added. In some food products, the amount of liquid needed is somewhat greater than in a conventional food product because of the non-oil component of the biomass and / or because water is not being supplied by other ingredients, such as eggs. However, the amount of water can be readily determined as in conventional cooking.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a food ingredient composition comprising at least 0.5% w / w algae biomass or algae flour that contain at least 10% algae oil by dry weight, and at least another edible ingredient, in which the food ingredient can be converted into a reconstituted food product by adding a liquid to the composition of food ingredients. In one embodiment, the liquid is water.
Homogenized or micronized oil-rich biomass is particularly advantageous in liquid form, and / or in emulsified food products (water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions), such as 5 toppings, soups, drinks, salad dressings, butters, creams and the like in which the oil contributed by biomass forms an emulsion with other liquids. Products that benefit from improved rheology, such as corbeturas, sauces and creams are described below in the Examples. The use of biomass in a homogenized emulsion with desired texture (for example, mouth feel), taste and appearance (for example, opacity) can form a lower oil content (by weight or volume of the product overall) ) which is the case with conventional products that employ conventional oils, so it can be used as a fat extender. This is useful for low-calorie products (for example, diet). The purified 15 seaweed oil is also advantageous for liquid and / or emulsified products. The biomass rich in homogenized or micronized oil and purified seaweed oil combine well with other edible ingredients in cooked products achieving the similar or better taste, appearance and texture of otherwise similar products made with conventional oils, fats 20 and / or eggs, but with an improved nutritional profile (for example, higher monounsaturated oil content, and / or higher protein content or quality, and / or higher fiber and / or other nutrients).
Predominantly intact biomass is particularly useful in situations where it is desired to change or improve the nutritional profile of a food (eg higher oil content, different oil content (eg more monounsaturated oil), higher protein content, higher calorie content, higher content of other nutrients). Such foods can be useful, for example, by athletes or patients who suffer from waste disorders. The predominantly intact biomass can be used as a bulking agent. Bulking agents can be used, for example, to increase the amount of a more expensive food (for example, meat aids and the like) or in simulated or imitation foods, such as vegetarian meat substitutes. Simulated or imitation foods 5 differ from natural foods in that flavor and volume are usually provided by different sources. For example, the flavors of natural foods, such as meat, can be imparted in a bulking agent that maintains the flavor. The predominantly intact biomass can be used as a bulking agent in such foods. Predominantly intact biomass is also particularly useful in dry foods, such as pasta, as it has good water binding properties, and can thus facilitate the rehydration of such foods. The predominantly intact biomass is also useful as a preservative, for example, in baked products. The predominantly intact biomass can improve water retention and, therefore, shelf life.
Broken or micronized seaweed biomass or seaweed can also be useful as a binding agent, bulking agent or for changing or increasing the nutritional profile of a food product. The breakdown of algae biomass or algae flour can be combined with another source of proteins such as meat, soy protein, whey protein, wheat protein, bean protein, rice protein, pea protein, milk protein, etc., in which the algae biomass or algae flour functions as a binding and / or bulking agent. Seaweed biomass or seaweed that has been broken or micronized 25 can also improve water retention and therefore shelf life. Increased moisture retention is especially desirable in gluten-free products, such as gluten-free roasts. A detailed description of the formulation of a gluten-free biscuit using seaweed biomass or broken seaweed flour and study of the subsequent shelf life is described in the Examples below.
In some cases, algae biomass or algae flour can be used in egg preparations. In some embodiments, algae biomass or algae flour (eg algae flour) added to a conventional dry powdered egg preparation to form scrambled eggs that are more creamy has more moisture and a better texture than dry powdered eggs prepared without seaweed biomass or seaweed flour. In other embodiments, algae biomass or algae flour is added to whole liquid eggs in order to improve the texture and overall moisture of eggs that are prepared and then kept on a steam table. Specific examples of previous preparations are described in the Examples below.
The algae biomass or algae flour (predominantly intact and / or homogenized, or micronized) and / or algae oil can be incorporated into almost any food composition. Some examples include baked goods such as cakes, brownies, yellow cake, bread, including brioche, cookies including sugar cookies, crackers and pies. Other examples include products often supplied in dry form, such as pasta or covered with powder, dry creams, minced meat and 20 meat substitutes. The incorporation of predominantly intact biomass in such products as a binding and / or thickener can improve hydration and increase yield due to the water binding capacity of the predominantly intact biomass. Rehydrated foods, such as scrambled eggs made from powdered eggs, can also have a nutritional profile and improved texture. Other examples include liquid food products such as sauces, soups, toppings (ready to eat), creams, dairy drinks, juices, creams, creams. Other liquid food products include nutritional sodas that serve as a meal replacement or seaweed milk. Other food products include butters or cheeses and the like, including vegetable fat, margarine / butter, nut butters and cheese products such as nacho sauce. Other food products include energy bars, chocolate confectionery-lecithin replacement, meal replacement bars, granola bar products. Another type of food product is dough and eggs and coatings. By providing a layer of oil around a food, the predominantly intact or homogenized biomass prevents an additional cooking oil from penetrating a food. Thus, the food can maintain the benefits of high content of monounsaturated coating oil, without having less desirable oils (for example, trans fats, saturated fats and by-products from cooking oil). The biomass coating can also provide a desirable texture (for example, crunchy) for the food and a cleaner taste due to less absorption of oil and its derivatives.
In uncooked food, most of the algae cells in the biomass remain intact. This has the advantage of protecting algae oil from oxidation, which gives it a long shelf life and minimizes adverse interaction with other ingredients. Depending on the nature of the food products, the protection afforded by the cells can reduce or avoid the need for cooling the vacuum packaging, or the like.
Intact retention cells also prevent direct contact between the oil and a consumer's mouth, which reduces the oily or greasy feeling, which can be undesirable. In food products where oil is most used as a nutritional supplement, this can be an advantage in improving the organoleptic properties of the product. Thus, the predominantly intact biomass is suitable for use in such products. However, in uncooked products, such as a salad dressing, in which the oil imparts a desired oral sensation (for example, an emulsion with an aqueous solution, such as vinegar), the use of purified algae oil or biomass micronized is preferred. In cooked foods, some algae cells from the original intact biomass may be lysed, but other algae cells may remain intact. The ratio of intact cell lysates depends on the temperature and duration of the cooking process. In cooked foods where oil dispersion evenly with other ingredients is desirable for texture, taste and / or appearance (e.g., roast products), the use of micronized biomass or purified algae oil is preferred. In cooked foods, seaweed biomass or seaweed flour is used to provide oil and / or protein and 10 other nutrients, mainly for their nutritional or caloric value instead of texture.
Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can also be useful for increasing the satiety index of a food product (for example, a creamy or meal replacement drink) over a similar conventional product, otherwise made without algae biomass or algae flour. The satiety index is a measure of the degree to which the same number of calories from different foods satisfies your appetite. This index can be measured by feeding a food to be tested and measuring appetite for other foods at a fixed interval thereafter.
The less appetite for other foods then, the higher the satiety rate. The satiety index values can be expressed on a scale where white bread is assigned a value of 100. Foods with the highest satiety index are useful for dieting. Although not dependent on an understanding of the mechanism, it is believed that the biomass 25 of algae or algae flour increases the satiety index of a food by increasing the protein and / or fiber content of food for a given amount of calories.
Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour (predominantly intact and homogenized or micronized) and / or seaweed oil can also be manufactured in nutritional or dietary supplements. For example, algae oil can be encapsulated in digestion capsules in a similar way to fish oil. Such capsules can be packaged in a bottle and taken on a daily basis (for example, 1-4 capsules or pills per day). The 5 capsule can contain a unit dose of algae biomass or algae flour or algae oil. Likewise, biomass can optionally be compacted with pharmaceutical or other excipients to form tablets. The tablets can be packaged, for example, in a blister or bottle, and taken to a daily dose of, for example, 1-4 10 tablets per day. In some cases, the tablet or other dosage formulation comprises a unit dose of biomass or algae oil. The manufacture of capsule and tablet products and other supplements is preferably carried out under GMP conditions suitable for nutritional supplements as encoded in 21 C.F.R. 111, or 15 established in regulations comparable by foreign jurisdictions. Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can be mixed with other powders and presented in sachets as a ready-to-mix material (for example, with water, juice, milk or other liquids). Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can also be mixed into products, such as yogurt.
Although seaweed biomass or seaweed flour and / or seaweed oil can be incorporated into nutritional supplements, functional food products discussed above have distinctions from typical nutritional supplements, which are in the form of tablets, capsules or powders. The serving size of such food products is typically much larger 25 than a nutritional supplement, both in terms of weight and in terms of calories provided. For example, food products often weigh more than 100 g and / or provide at least 100 calories when packaged or consumed in one go. Typically food products contain at least one ingredient that is either a protein, a carbohydrate or a liquid and often contain two or three of those other ingredients. The protein or carbohydrate in a food product generally provides at least 30%, 50%, or 60% of the calories in the food product.
As discussed above, seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can be made by a manufacturer and sold to a consumer, such as a restaurant or individual, for use in a commercial environment, or at home. Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour is preferably manufactured and packaged under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions for food products. The biomass of algae or algae flour in intact or predominantly homogenized form or micronized form as a dry powder is often packaged in an airtight container, such as a sealed bag. The homogenized or micronized biomass in the form of paste can be conveniently packaged in a vat among other containers. Optionally, seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can be vacuum packed to increase shelf life. Refrigeration of packaged seaweed biomass or seaweed is not necessary. Seaweed biomass or packaged seaweed may contain instructions for use, including instructions for the amount of seaweed biomass or seaweed flour for use in replacing a certain amount of oil, fat or eggs in a conventional recipe, as discussed above . For simplicity, directions may state that oil or fat should be 'replaced in a ratio of 2: 1 in mass or volume of biomass, and eggs in a ratio of 1 Ig of biomass or 1 teaspoon of algae oil per egg. As discussed above, other reasons are possible, for example, using a ratio of 10-175% by weight or volume of biomass to mass or volume of oil and / or fat and / or eggs from a conventional recipe. After opening a closed package, the instructions can guide the user to keep algae biomass or algae flour in an airtight container, such as those widely available commercially (for example, Glad), optionally with refrigeration.
Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour (powder predominantly intact or homogenized or micronized) can also be packaged in a combination with other dry ingredients (eg sugar, flour, nuts, flavorings), and packaged separately to ensure uniformity in the finished product. The mixture can then be converted into a food product, by a consumer or food service company, simply by adding a liquid, such as water or milk and, optionally, mixing and / or cooking, without adding oils or fats . In some cases, the liquid is added to make up a composition of algae biomass or dry algae flour. Cooking can optionally be carried out using a microwave oven, convection oven, conventional oven, or a stove. Such mixtures can be used to make cakes, breads, pancakes, waffles, drinks, sauces and the like.
These mixtures have advantages of convenience for the consumer, as well as long shelf life without refrigeration. Such mixtures are typically packaged in a closed container that carries instructions for adding liquid to convert the mixture into a food product.
Seaweed oil for use as a food ingredient is also preferably manufactured and packaged under GMP conditions by a food. Seaweed oil is usually packaged in a bottle or other container in a similar way to conventionally used oils. The container may include a label affixed with instructions for using the oil to replace conventional oils, fats or eggs in food products and as a cooking oil. When packaged in a closed container, the oil has a long shelf life (at least one year), without substantial deterioration. After opening, algae oil composed mainly of monounsaturated oils is not extremely sensitive to oxidation. However, unused portions of the oil can be kept longer and with less oxidation if they are kept cool and / or out of direct sunlight (for example, inside an enclosed space, such as a cupboard). The instructions included with the oil may contain such preferred storage information.
Optionally, seaweed biomass or seaweed flour and / or seaweed oil may contain an approved food preservative / antioxidant to maximize shelf life, including, but not limited to, (for example, carotenoids, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta10 carotene and lycopene), phospholipids (for example, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol phosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylcholine), tocopherols (e.g. tocopherol delta), tocotrienols (e.g. alpha tocotrienol, beta tocotrienol, gamma tocotrienol and delta tocotrienol), butylated hydroxytoluene 15, butylated hydroxyanisole, polyphenols, rosmarinic acid, propyl gaiate, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate, , methylparaben, levulinic acid, anisic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and bioflavonoids.
The description of the incorporation of predominantly intact, homogenized biomass, or micronized biomass (paste, flakes, powder or flour) or algae oil in food for human consumption, in general, is also applicable to food products for non-human animals.
Biomass provides high quality proteins or oil or both in such foods. The algae oil content is preferably at least 10 or 20% by weight as well as the protein content of the algae. Obtaining at least some algae oil and / or intact protein from biomass, predominantly, is sometimes advantageous for high performance animals, such as dogs or sport horses. The predominantly intact biomass is also useful as a preservative. Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour or oil is combined with other ingredients normally found in foods of animal origin (for example, a meat, meat flavor, fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, starch, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, probiotics) and their combinations. Such foods are also suitable for domestic animals, particularly those with an active lifestyle. The inclusion of taurine is recommended for cat food. As with conventional animal feed, the feed can be supplied in bite-sized particles suitable for the intended animal.
The delipidated meal is useful as a feed load for the production of a concentrate and / or isolate of algae proteins, in particular delipid flour from algae biomass or algae flour containing a high protein content. The algae protein concentrate and / or isolate can be produced using standard processes used to produce soy protein concentrate / isolate. A seaweed protein concentrate would be prepared by removing soluble sugars from seaweed biomass or seaweed meal or a delipid meal. The remaining components would be mainly insoluble proteins and polysaccharides. By removing soluble sugars from the delipidated meal, the protein content is increased, thereby creating an algae protein concentrate. A seaweed protein concentrate that would contain at least 45% protein in dry weight. Preferably, an algae protein concentrate that would contain at least 50% -75% protein by dry weight. The algae protein isolate can also be prepared using standardized processes used for the production of isolated soy protein. This process usually involves a step of extracting basic pH and temperature using NaOH. After the extraction step, liquids and solids are separated and proteins are precipitated out of the liquid fraction with HCl. The solids fraction can be re-extracted and the resulting liquid fractions can be combined before precipitation with hydrochloric acid. The protein is then neutralized and spray dried to produce a protein isolate. An air algae protein isolate typically contains at least 90% dry protein weight.
The delipid meal is useful as animal feed for farm animals, for example, ruminants, poultry, pigs, and aquaculture. The delipidated meal is a by-product of the purified preparation of algae oil, either for food or for other purposes. The resulting meal, despite having a reduced oil content, still contains proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, ash and 10 other high-quality nutrients suitable for animal feed.
Since the cells are lysed, predominantly, the delipidated meal is easily digestible by these animals. The delipidated meal can optionally be combined with other ingredients, such as grains, in an animal feed. Because the delipidated meal has a powdery consistency, it can be pressed into pellets using an extruder or expanders that are commercially available.
A. Aerated Foods
Aerated food is a term that normally applies to 20 desserts, but it can also apply to foods that are not desserts formulated with the same principles. Aerated desserts refer to desserts such as mousse, ice cream, whipped toppings, sorbets, etc. Aerated foods are composed of two phases: a continuous phase and a discontinuous phase. The discontinuous phase is air, which is maintained as air cells or air bubbles in the food article. The continuous phase can consist of water, water with dissolved solids (such as milk), colloidal solids, proteins, etc. As aerated foods are composed of a discontinuous air phase, the ability to retain air in air cells inside the food is critical for the successful formulation of an aerated food.
Emulsifiers help to form the air cells for the batch phase and stabilizers can help to keep the air cells intact inside the food. A surprising and unexpected effect of adding algae biomass or algae flour (especially lipid-rich microalgae flour) in the preparation of an aerated food is the biomass's air holding capacity. Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour, especially lipid-rich microalgae flour, has excellent air retention and stabilization capabilities. The microalgae flour or algae biomass of the invention also has a high emulsification capacity and is therefore suitable for use in aerated food products.
Baked products such as cakes, fats including lipids contributed by algae flour or lipid-rich microalgae biomass play several crucial roles: (1) fats are partly responsible for the light and airy texture, maintaining or stabilizing tiny air bubbles that are formed from the fermenting agent in the cake (the same may be true in breads); (2) fats create the texture of "melt in the mouth" and other organoleptic properties, coating flour proteins and prohibiting the formation of gluten, (3) solid fats (with a high degree of saturation) usually have a greater retention capacity of air or stabilization than liquid fats, which results in a lighter texture, and (4) emulsifiers (such as mono and diglycerides) help in the distribution of fat in the dough, which results in a better distribution of the bubbles of air in the dough, leading to a light and airy texture of the cake or baked goods. Although seaweed flour or high fat algae biomass contains mono- and diglycerides, it does not contain saturated fats (as opposed to solid fats, such as butter / lard). Thus, it is unexpected that algae flour or lipid-rich algae biomass has such a great air-holding / stabilizing capacity and produces the same aerated / light texture as baked products when using only algae flour or biomass from algae to replace butter and / or egg yolks.
Another example of an aerated food is ice cream (or sorbets and ice cream, etc.). Ice cream can be defined as a partially frozen foam, usually with an air content of 20% or greater (discontinuous phase). The continuous phase contains dissolved and colloidal solids, that is, sugars, proteins, stabilizers, and a grease phase in an emulsified form. Under an electron microscope, the structure of the ice cream appears to be composed of air cells that are lined with fat globules, between the ice crystals that form the continuous phase. The emulsifying capacities and the lipid content in algae flour or algae biomass make it suitable for use in the formulation of an ice cream. Other non-limiting examples of aerated foods include mousse (both savory and sweet), icing / whipped cream and meringue. Aeration is also responsible for the lightness that is found in some cakes (for example, egg whites cake), cookies, breads or sauces.
B. Reformed and Shredded Meats
The crushed cams are essentially a two-phase system consisting of a dispersion of a solid and a liquid, where the solid is immiscible. The liquid is an aqueous solution of salts and, at the same time, it is a medium in which the insoluble proteins (and other components) of the muscle fibers, fat and meat connective tissue (the solids) are dispersed and form a matrix. Although this two-stage system is not technically an emulsion that has components and structural aspects of a meat “emulsion”. The stable state of this meat emulsion is responsible for the integrity of the crushed and reformed cams. The solid phase of crushed cams consists of processed cams (containing muscle fibers, connective tissue and fat, among other components) that have been chopped or ground to a consistency found in forced cams.
The solid phase is then incorporated with the liquid phase to form a meat emulsion. Common examples of minced meat include sausages, bologna, sausage, slices of meat (for example, slices of hamburgers) and canned meats.
Reformed meats refer to meat that was mechanically separated and then reformed into formats. Because the cam is "reformed", the cam product can have an artifact with the appearance of a cut, a slice or portion of the cam that has been broken, which is formed by "falling" of minced meat, with or without the addition finely ground meat, whereby the soluble proteins of the chopped meat are attached to the small pieces. Mechanical separation of meat can include cutting, grinding or other forms of meat processing into smaller pieces, thereby decreasing muscle fibers. Once the original meat fibers have been broken, the formation of a partial meat emulsion (similar to minced meat) is necessary to keep the reformed meat product together. Non-limiting examples of reformed meat products are chicken nuggets, packaged frozen cuts (eg ham, turkey, etc.) and fish strips.
The seaweed biomass or seaweed meal of the invention can be added as an ingredient in crushed and reformed meat. Seaweed biomass or seaweed flour can have a multifunctional effect on meat products. One aspect is that algae biomass or algae flour can act as a bulking agent or filler. Another aspect is that the lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from the algae biomass or algae flour act as a binder for the other components in the minced / reformed meat. Another advantage that is quite surprising and unexpected is that seaweed biomass or seaweed flour (in particular lipid-rich seaweed flour) can improve the texture and taste of minced meat and / or reformed meat products, especially if the meat product is made with meat containing low fat content. The ground beef (4% fat) and ground turkey (3% fat) with a low fat content have a dry, chewy texture and can have a “atypical” liver-like meat flavor. The addition of seaweed flour or lipid-rich seaweed biomass can result in improving both the texture and the taste of crushed and / or reformed cams made with such low-fat cams. In such cases, the low-fat cam product will have a texture that is more moist and softer and a flavor that is richer and more cam-like than without the addition of seaweed flour or seaweed biomass rich in lipids, giving the meat product a low-fat texture that is similar to that of a ground beef (20% fat) or ground turkey (15% fat) with a high fat content. The addition of seaweed biomass or seaweed flour to crushed and / or reformed cams can create a healthier meat product (low in fat), despite having the texture and flavor of a high fat meat product.
C. Dairy Mimetics
Seaweed flour or seaweed biomass can be used as a dairy substitute or dairy mimetic (examples include the use of seaweed flour instead of butter). Seaweed flour or seaweed biomass can also be used as an extender when mixed with enzyme modified cheese (in cheese flavoring or cheese sauces). In addition, algae flour or algae biomass can also be used to make drinks, such as algae milk. Seaweed flour or seaweed biomass can also increase the creamyness of a food product (foods where dairy products are added to give the food a creamy texture), such as macaroni and cheese, soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, yogurt, ice cream, whipped cream, etc.
Seaweed meal or delipidized seaweed biomass can also be used as a dairy mimetic. Seaweed flour or
100 degreased or stripped algae biomass does not contain substantial amounts of oil after extraction. Depending on the processing method, algae flour or defatted algae biomass may include phospholipids that are a component of algae biomass or algae flour. Degreased seaweed meal or seaweed biomass is non-dairy and is also potentially very low in fat content (compared to hydrogenated oils containing trans fat currently used to prepare non-dairy creams). When added to coffee, the defatted algae flour or algae biomass can reduce the bitterness in the coffee and give a creamy mouthfeel (fullness). The product is suitable as a cream or for use in mochas, hot chocolates, frappe, and other coffee-based drinks.
The following examples are presented to illustrate, but not to limit, the claimed invention.
V. EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1
Cultivation of Microalgae to Achieve High Oil Content
Microalgae strains were grown in flasks with agitation with the aim of reaching more than 20% oil per dry cell weight. The flask media used were as follows: K ₂ HPO ₄ : 4.2 g / L, NaH ₂ PO ₄ : 3.1 g / L, MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O: 0.24g / L, citric acid monohydrate : 0.25 g / L, CaCL, 2H ₂ O: 0.025 g / L, yeast extract: 2 g / L, and 2% glucose. The cryopreserved cells were thawed at room temperature and 500 µl of cells were added to 4.5 ml of Medium and cultured for 7 days at 28 ° C with agitation (200 rpm) in a 6-well plate. Dry cell weights were determined by centrifuging 1 ml of culture at 14,000 rpm for 5 min in a pre-weighed Eppendorf tube. The culture supernatant was discarded and the resulting cell pellet was washed with 1 ml of deionized water. The culture was again centrifuged, the supernatant
101 discarded and the cell pellets placed at -80 ° C until frozen. The samples were then lyophilized for 24 hours and the dry cell weights were calculated. To determine the total lipids in cultures of 3 ml of culture, they were removed and subjected to analysis using an Ankom system (Ankom Inc., Macedon, NY) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The samples were subjected to solvent extraction in an XT 10 Amkom extractor according to the manufacturer's protocol. The total lipid was determined as the difference in mass between dry samples hydrolyzed with acid and dry samples extracted with solvent. The percentage measurements of dry weight of oil cells are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Percentage of Oil per dry cell weight
Species Strain % of Oil Strain# Chlorella protothecoides UTEX 250 34.24 1 Chlorella protothecoides UTEX 25 40.00 2 Chlorella protothecoides CCAP211 / 8D 47.56 3 Chlorella kessleri UTEX 397 39.42 4 Chlorella kessleri UTEX 2229 54.07 5 Chlorella kessleri UTEX 398 41.67 6 For Chlorella kessleri SAG 11.80 37.78 7 For Chlorella kessleri SAG 14.82 50.70 8 For Chlorella kessleri SAG 21.11 H9 37.92 9 Prototheca stagnora UTEX 327 13.14 10 Prototheca moriformis UTEX 1441 18.02 11 Prototheca moriformis UTEX 1435 27.17 12 Chlorella minutissima UTEX 2341 31.39 13 Chlorella sp. UTEX 2068 45.32 14 Chlorella sp. CCAP 211/92 46.51 15 Chlorella sorokiniana SAG211.40B 46.67 16 ForChlorella beijerinkii SAG 2046 30.98 17 Chlorella luteoviridis SAG 2203 37.88 18 Chlorella vulgaris CCAP211 / 11K 35.85 19 Chlorella reisiglii CCAP 11/8 31.17 20 Chlorella ellipsoidea CCAP 211/42 32.93 21 Chlorella saccharophila CCAP 211/31 34.84 22 Chlorella saccharophila CCAP 211/32 30.51 23
Additional strains of Chlorella protothecoides were also grown using the conditions described above, and the lipid profile was determined for each of these Chlorella protothecoides strains 15 using standard gas chromatography (GC / FID) procedures. A summary of the lipid profile is included below. Values are expressed as a percentage of total lipid area. The UTEX collection numbers are algae strains from the University of Texas UTEX Algae Collection,
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Austin (1 University Station A67O0, Austin, Texas 78712-0183). Collection numbers with CCAP are algae varieties from the Culture Collection of algae and protozoa (SAMS Research Services, Ltd. Scottish Marine Institute, OBAN, Argull PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom). Collection number 5 with the SAG are algae strains from the Seaweed Culture Collection at
Goettingen University (Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073 Gottingen, Germany)
Number Collection C12: 0 Cl 4: 0 C16: 0 C16: l Cl 8: 0 C18: l C18: 2 C18: 3 C20: 0 C20: l UTEX 25 0.0 0.6 8.7 0.3 2.4 72.1 14.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 UTEX 249 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 2.3 72.4 13.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 UTEX 250 0.0 0.6 10.2 0.0 3.7 69.7 14.1 1.4 0.3 0.0 UTEX 256 0.0 0.9 10.1 0.3 5.6 64.4 17.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 UTEX 264 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.0 5.7 68.3 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 UTEX 411 0.0 0.5 9.6 0.2 2.8 71.3 13.5 1.5 0.2 0.2 CCAP 211/17 0.0 0.8 10.5 0.4 3.3 68.4 15.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 CCAP 221 / 8d 0.0 0.8 11.5 o, l 3.0 70.3 12.9 1.2 0.2 0.0 SAG 221 ld 0.0 E4 17.9 0.1 2.4 55.3 20.2 2.7 0.0 0.0These data indicate that. , although all above strains are Chlorella protothecoides, there are differences i no lipid profile in between
some of the strains.
EXAMPLE 2
Three fermentation processes were carried out with three different formulations of media in order to generate algae biomass with a high oil content. The first formulation (medium 1) was based on Medium 15 described in Wu et al. (1994 Science in China, vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 326-335) and consisted of per liter: KH ₂ PO ₄ , 0.7 g; K ₂ HPO ₄ , 0.3 g; MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 0.3 g; FeSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 3 mg; thiamine hydrochloride, 10 pg; glucose, 20 g; glycine, 0.1 g; H ₃ BO ₃ , 2.9 mg; MnCl ₂ -4H ₂ O, 1.8 mg; ZnSO4-7H ₂ O, 220pg; CuSO4-5H2O, 80pg and NaMoO4-2H ₂ O, 22.9mg. The second medium (Medium 2) was obtained from 20 of the bottle media described in Example 1 and consisted of, per liter: K ₂ HPO ₄ , 4.2g, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , 3.1 g; MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 0.24 g; citric acid monohydrate, 0.25 g; dehydrated calcium chloride, 25mg; glucose, 20 g; yeast extract, 2g. The third medium (Medium 3) was a hybrid and consisted of, per liter: K ₂ EtPO ₄ , 4.2 g, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , 3.1 g; MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 0.24 g; citric acid monohydrate, 0.25 g; dehydrated calcium chloride, 25 mg; glucose, 20 g;
103 yeast extract, 2g; H3BO3, 2.9 mg; M11Cl2-4H2O, 1.8 mg; Z11SO4-7H2O, 220pg; CuSO ₄ -5H ₂ O, 80pg and NaMoO ₄ -2H ₂ O, 22.9mg. All three media formulations were prepared and sterilized in an autoclave, in laboratory scale fermenter vessels for 30 minutes at 121 ° C. Sterile glucose was added to each vessel after cold sterilization in an autoclave.
The inoculum for each fermentor was Chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 250), prepared in two stages with flasks using the temperature conditions and the medium of the inoculated fermenter. Each fermenter was inoculated with 10% (v / v) of mid-log culture. The three laboratory scale fermenters were maintained at 28 ° C for the duration of the experiment. The growth of microalgae cells in Media 1 was also evaluated at a temperature of 23 ° C. For all evaluations of the fermenter, the pH was maintained at 6.6-6.8, shaking at 500rpm and air flow at 1 wm. Fermentation cultures were grown for 11 days. Biomass accumulation was measured by optical density at 750 nm and the weight of dry cells.
The lipid / oil concentration was determined using direct transesterification with standard gas chromatography methods. Briefly, the samples of fermentation broth with biomass were transferred to absorbent paper and transferred to centrifuge tubes and dried in a vacuum oven at 65-70 ° C for 1 hour. When the samples were dried, 2 ml of 5% H ₂ SO4 in methanol was added to the tubes. The tubes were then heated in a heating block at 65-70 ° C for 3.5 hours, while being vortexed and sonicated intermittently. 2 ml of heptane was then added and the tubes were shaken vigorously. 2 ml of 6% K ₂ CO ₃ was added and tubes were shaken vigorously for mixing and then centrifuged at 800 rpm for 2 minutes. The supernatant was then transferred to GC flasks containing Na ₂ SO ₄ drying agent and
104 gas chromatography standards. The percentage of lipid / oil was based on dry cell weight. The dry cell weights for cells cultured using media: 1 to 23 ° C was 9.4 g / L; Medium 1 at 28 ° C was 1.0 g / L, Medium 2 at 28 ° C was 21.2 g / L, and Medium 3 at 28 ° C was 21.5 g / L. The concentration of 5 lipid / oil for cells cultured using: Medium 1 at 23 ° C was 3 g / L; Medium 1 at 28 ° C was 0.4 g / L; Medium 2 at 28 ° C was 18 g / L, and Medium 3 at 28 ° C was 19 g / L. The percentage of oil based on the dry cell weight per cell grown using: Medium 1 at 23 ° C was 32%; Medium 1 at 28 ° C was 40%; Medium 2 at 28 ° C was 85%, and Medium 3 at 28 ° C was 88%. The lipid profiles 10 (% by area, after normalization to the internal standard) for algae biomass generated using the three formulations of different media, at 288 ° C, are summarized in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Lipid profile for Chlorella protothecoides grown in different media.
Medium 1 28 ° C (in% of Area) Medium2 28 ° C (in% of Area) Medium 3 28 ° C (in% of Area) C14: 0 1.40 0.85 0.72 C16: 0 8.71 7.75 7.43 C16: l - 0.18 0.17 C17: 0 - 0.16 0.15 C17: l - 0.15 0.15 C18: 0 3.77 3.66 4.25 C18: l 73.39 72.72 73.83 C18: 2 11.23 12.82 11.41 C18: 3 alpha 1.50 0.90 1.02 C20: 0 - 0.33 0.37 C20: l - 0.10 0.39 C20: l - 0.25 - C22: 0 - 0.13 0.11
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation ....... of Biomass ..... for ...... Prqdutqg ..... Food
The microalgae biomass was generated by cultivating microalgae, as described in any of Examples 1-2. The microalgae biomass was harvested from the fermenter, flask or other bioreactor.
GMP procedures were followed. Anyone who, through medical examination or supervisory observation, appears to have, or
105 appears to have an illness, open injury, including boil, bruise, or infected wounds, or any other source of abnormal microbial contamination by which there is a reasonable possibility of food or food contact surfaces or food packaging materials if they become contaminated it should be excluded from any operations that can be expected to cause contamination, until the condition is corrected. People are instructed to report health problems to their supervisors. All persons working in direct contact with microalgae biomass, contact surfaces with biomass, and biomass packaging materials 10 in accordance with hygiene practices during service to the extent necessary to protect against contamination of microalgae biomass. Methods for maintaining cleanliness include, but are not limited to: (1) wearing suitable outer clothing for operation in a manner that protects against contamination from biomass, biomass contact surfaces or biomass packaging materials. (2) Maintain adequate personal hygiene. (3) To wash your hands thoroughly (and sterilize if necessary, to protect against contamination by unwanted microorganisms) in suitable hand washing facilities before starting work, after each absence from the workstation, and in any other occasion when hands may have become dirty or contaminated. (4) Remove all unsafe jewelry and other objects that may fall on biomass equipment, or containers and removal of jewelry from the hand that cannot be properly cleaned during the periods when the biomass is handled. If hand jewelry 25 cannot be removed, it can be covered with material that can be kept in an intact, clean and hygienic condition and that effectively protects against contamination by these biomass objects, biomass contact surfaces, or packaging materials of biomass. (5) maintenance of gloves, if they are used in the treatment of biomass, in an intact, clean state
106 and hygienic. Gloves must be made of a waterproof material. (6) Wearing, if applicable, hair nets, bandanas, caps, beard capes, hair or other effective restrictions. (7) storage clothes or other personal belongings in areas other than where the biomass is exposed or where equipment or utensils are washed. (8) Limit follow-up to other areas where biomass is exposed or where equipment or utensils are washed: eating biomass, chewing gum, drinks, or use of tobacco.
(9) Take any other precautions necessary to protect against contamination of biomass, contact surfaces with biomass, or biomass packaging materials with microorganisms or foreign substances including, but not limited to, sweat, hair, cosmetics, tobacco, chemicals and medications applied to the skin. The microalgae biomass can optionally be subjected to a cell disruption process to generate a lysate and / or, optionally, dried to form a microalgae biomass composition.
EXAMPLE 4
Absence of Algae Toxins in Dry Chlorella protothecoides Biomass A sample of Chlorella protothecoides biomass (UTEX 250) was cultivated and prepared using the methods described in Example 1. The dry biomass was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis / mass spectrometry (LCMS / MS) to detect the presence of toxin contamination from algae and cyanobacteria. The analyzes covered all groups of toxins from algae and cyanobacteria published in the literature and mentioned in international food regulations. The results show that the biomass sample did not contain any detectable levels of any of the toxins from algae or cyanobacteria that were tested. The results are summarized in Table 3.
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Table 3. Analytical results of LC-MS / MS for algal and cyanobacterial toxins.
Toxin Category Toxin Result Detection limit (LC / MS) Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins (ASP) Domoic acid Not detectable 1 pg / g Diarrheal seafood poisoning toxins (DSP) Ocadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins Not detectable 0.1 pg / gPectenotoxins Not detectable 0.1 pg / gYessotoxin Not detectable 0.1 Pg / gAzaspiracides Not detectable θ, ι pg / gGymnodiminas Not detectable o, l pg / g Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins (PSP) T Saxitoxin Not detectable (HPLC / FD) 0.3 pg / gNeosaxitoxin Not detectable (HPLC / FD) 0.3 pg / gDecarbamoylsaxitoxin Not detectable (HPLC / FD)) 0.3 pg / gGoniautoxins Not detectable (HPLC / FD) 0.3 pg / g Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins (NSP) Brevetoxicin Not detectable 0.1 pg / g Cyanobacterial toxins Microsistins MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-YR, MCLA, MC-LW and MC-LF Not detectable 0.1 pg / gNodularin Not detectable 0.1 pg / gAnatoxin-a Not detectable 0.5 pg / gCylinderspermopsins Not detectable 0.2 pg / gBeta-Methylamino-LAlanina Not detectable 2.5 pg / g
EXAMPLE 5
Dietary fiber content of Chlorella protothecoides biomass
Proximal analysis was performed on biomass samples from
Dried chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 250) grown and prepared using the methods described in Example 1, according to Official Methods of ACOC International (Method AO AC 991.43). The acid hydrolysis for the total fat content (lipid / oil) was carried out in both samples and the fat content for the lipid-rich algae biomass was approximately 50% and for the protein-rich algae biomass it was approximately 15%. The crude fiber content was 2% for both lipid-rich and protein-rich algae biomass. The humidity (determined by gravimetry) was 5%, both for algae biomass rich in lipids and rich in 15 proteins. The ash content determined by burning the crucible and analyzing the inorganic ash was 2% for the lipid-rich algae biomass and 4% for the protein-rich biomass. The crude protein, determined by the amount of nitrogen released by the combustion of biomass from each, was
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5% for lipid-rich biomass and 50% for protein-rich biomass. The carbohydrate content was calculated by the difference, with the above known values for fat, crude fiber, moisture, ash and crude protein and subtracting this total from 100. The carbohydrate content calculated for the lipid-rich biomass was 36% and the carbohydrate content for protein-rich biomass as 24%.
A further analysis of the carbohydrate content for both algae biomass showed approximately 4-8% (w / w) of free sugars (predominantly sucrose) in the samples. Multiple lots of algae biomass containing high lipid content were tested for free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose assays) and the amount of sucrose varied from 2.83% to 5.77%; maltose ranged from undetectable to 0.6% and glucose ranged from undetectable to 0.6%. The other sugars, namely, fructose, maltose and lactose were not detected in any of the tested batches. Multiple biomass lots containing high algal protein were also tested for free sugar content and only sucrose was detected in any of the lots ranging from 6.93% to 7.95%.
The analysis of the total dietary fiber content (within the carbohydrate fraction of the algae biomass) of both algae biomasses was carried out using methods according to the Official Methods of ACOC International (Method AO AC 991.43). The high lipid biomass contained 19.58% of soluble fiber and 9.86% of insoluble fiber, for a total dietary fiber of 29.44%. The protein biomass contained 10.31% of soluble fiber and 4.28% of insoluble fiber for a total dietary fiber of 14.59%.
Monosaccharide analysis of algae biomass
A sample of dried Chlorella protothecoides biomass (UTEX 250) with about 50% lipids per dry cell weight, grown and prepared using the methods described in Example 4 was analyzed for monosaccharide (glycosyl) composition using chromatography of
109 gas / combined mass spectrometry (GC / MS) of per-Otrimethylsilyl derivatives (TMS) of methyl monosaccharide glycosides produced from the sample by acid methanolysis. Briefly, the methyl glycosides were first prepared from the Chlorella protothecoides sample dried by methanolysis in 1M HCl in methanol at 80 ° C to 18-22 ° C, followed by re-N-acetylation with acetic anhydride and pyridine in methanol ( for the detection of osamines). The samples were then per-O-trimethylsilylated by treatment with Tri-Sil (Pierce) at 80 ° C for 30 minutes. These procedures were previously described in Merkle and Poppe (1994) Methods Enzymol. 230: 1-15 and York et al. (1985) Methods Enzymol. 118: 3-40. The GC / MS analysis of the TMS methyl glycosides was performed on an HP 6890 GC in interface with an MSD 5975b, using a capillary column of fused silica All Tech EC-1 (30m x 0.25 mm ID). Monosaccharides have been identified by their retention times compared to standards, and the characters of these carbohydrates have been authenticated by their mass spectrum. The monosaccharide (glycosyl) composition of Chlorella protothecoides was: 1.2 mol% of arabinose, 11.9 mol% of mannose, galactose 25.2% molar and 61.7% molar glucose. These results are expressed as a molar percentage of total carbohydrate.
EXAMPLE 6
Amino acid profile of algae biomass
A sample of dry Chlorella protothecoides biomass (UTEX 250) with about 50% lipids per dry cell weight, grown and prepared using the methods described in Example 1 was analyzed for amino acid content according to the Official Methods of AOAC International (tryptophan analysis: AOAC method 988.15; methionine and cystine analysis: AOAC method 985.28 and the other amino acids: AOAC method 994.12). The amino acid profile from the algae dry biomass (expressed as a percentage of total protein) was compared with the profile of
110 amino acids from the dried whole egg (product characteristics sheet profile for the whole egg, Protein Fatory Inc., Nine Jersey), and the results show that the two protein sources have comparable nutritional values. The results of the amino acid profile in relation to a sample of Chlorella protothecoides show that the biomass contains methionine (2.25%), cysteine (1.69%), lysine (4.87%), phenylalanine (4.31%) , leucine (8.43%), isoleucine (3.93%), threonine (5.62%), valine (6.37%), histidine (2.06%), arginine (6.74%), glycine (5.99%), aspartic acid (9.55%), serine (6.18%), glutamic acid (12.73%), proline (4.49%), hydroxyproline (1.69%), alanine (10.11%), tyrosine (1.87%), and tryptophan (1.12%).
EXAMPLE 7
Compositions of Carotenoids, Phospholipids Tocotrienol, and Tocopherol from Chlorella protothecoides UTEX 250 Biomass, Chlorella protothecoides algae flour, Chlorella protothecoides color mutant (strain BM1320) and oil extracted from Chlorella protothecoides color mutant (strain BM1320)
A sample of algae biomass produced using the methods described in Example 4 was analyzed for the content of tocopherol and tocotrienol using normal phase HPLC, Method AOCS Ce 8-89. The fraction containing tocotrienol and tocopherol part of the biomass was extracted using hexane or another non-polar solvent. The resulting composition of tocotrienol and complete tocopherol is summarized in Table 4.
Table 4. Tocotrienol and tocopherol content in algae biomass.
Composition of tocotrienol and tocopherol from Chlorella protothecoides UTEX 250 Tocopherols Alpha tocopherol 6.29 mg / 100g Delta tocopherol 0.47mg / 100g Tocopherol range 0.54mg / 100g Total focopherols 7.3 mg / 100 « Tocotrienois Alpha tocotrienol 0.13 mg / g Beta tocotrienol 0 Gamma tocotrienol 0.09 mg / g Delta tocotrienol 0 Total tocotrienois 0.22 mg / g
The carotenoid-containing fraction of the biomass was isolated and
Ill analyzed for carotenoids using HPLC methods. The carotenoid-containing fraction was prepared by mixing lyophilized algae biomass (produced using methods described in Example 3) with silicon carbide in an aluminum mortar and ground four times for 1 minute each time, with a mortar and pestle. The milled biomass and silicon mixture was then washed with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the supernatant was collected. The biomass extraction was repeated until the supernatant was colorless and the THF supernatants from all extractions were pooled and analyzed for carotenoid content using standard HPLC 10 methods. The carotenoid content of algae biomass that was dried using a drum dryer was also analyzed using the methods described above.
The carotenoid content of lyophilized algae biomass was: total lutein (66.9-68.9mcg / g: with cis-lutein ranging from 12.4 -12.7mcg / g and 15 trans-lutein ranging from 54.5-56 , 2mcg / g); trans-zeaxanthin (31.42733.45 lmcg / g); cis-zeaxanthin (1, 201-l, 315mcg / g), t-alpha-cryptoxanthin (3,092-3,773mcg / g), t-beta cryptoxanthin (1,061-l, 354mcg / g), 15-cis-beta-carotene (0.625-, 0675mcg / g); 13-cis-beta carotene (.0269-0.0376 mcg / g); talfa-carotene (0.269-, 0376mcg / g), c-alpha-carotene (0.043-0.010 mcg / g), t20 beta-carotene (0.644-0.741mcg / g); carotene and 9-cis-beta- (0.241-0.263mcg / g).
The total reported carotenoids ranged from 105.819mcg / g to 110.815mcg / g.
The carotenoid content of drum-dried algae biomass was significantly lower: total lutein (0.709mcg / g: with trans25 lutein being 0.091 mcg / g and cis-lutein being 0.618mcg / g); trans-zeaxanthin (0.252 mcg / g); cis-zeaxanthin (0.037mcg / g); alpha-cryptoxanthin (0.010mcg / g); beta-cryptoxanthin (0.010mcg / g) and t-beta-carotene (0.008mcg / g). The total reported carotenoids were 1.03mcg / g. These data suggest that the method used for drying algae biomass can affect
112 significantly the carotenoid content.
Phospholipid analysis was also performed on algae biomass. The fraction containing phospholipid was extracted using the Folch extraction method (mixture of chloroform, methanol and water) and the oil sample was analyzed using the Official AOCS method Ja 7b-91, HPLC determination of hydrolyzed lecithins (International Society Phopholipid and Lecithin 1999), and HPLC analysis of phospholipids with light scanning methods (International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society 1995) for phospholipid content. The total phospholipids in percentage w / w was 1.18%. The algae oil phospholipid profile was phosphatidylcholine (62.7%), phosphatidylethanolamine (24.5%), lysophosphatidylcholine (1.7%) and phosphatidylinositol (11%). A similar analysis using hexane extraction of the fraction containing phospholipid from algae biomass was also performed. Total phospholipids in percentage w / w were 0.5%. The phospholipid profile was phosphatidylethanolamine (44%), phosphatidylcholine (42%) and phosphatidylinositol (14%).
A sample of Chlorella protothecoides algae flour was tested for its phospholipid content, as discussed above. The total phospholipid content of this sample was determined to be 0.8% w / w. The content of individual phospholipids on a% w / w basis was as follows: <0.01% Nacylphosphatidylethanolamine, <0.01% phosphatidic acid; 0.25% phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.48% phosphatidylcholine, 0.07% phosphatidylinositol and <0.01% lysophosphatidylcholine.
A sample of seaweed flour made from a color mutant Chlorella protothecoides, strain BM320, was tested for its phospholipid content, as discussed above. The total phospholipid content of this sample was determined to be 0.62% w / w. The content of individual phospholipids on a% w / w basis was as follows: <0.01% Nacylphosphatidylethanolamine, <0.01% phosphatidic acid; 0.21% of
113 phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.36% phosphatidylcholine, 0.05% phosphatidylinositol and <0.01% lysophosphatidylcholine.
An oil extracted from a Chlorella protothecoides color mutant, strain BM320, was analyzed for several components. The oil was extracted by solvent extraction (acetone and liquid CO ₂ ). The oil has not been refined, bleached or deodorized. The oil composed, in percentage, w / w, 0.19% of monoglycerides and 5.77% of diglycerides. The oil comprised 3.24 mg of alpha-tocopherol per 100 g of oil and 0.95 mg of gamma-tocopherol per 100 g of oil. The oil contained 191 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of oil, 5.70 mg of campesterol per 100 g of oil, 10.3 mg of stigmasterol, per 100 g of oil, 5.71 mg β-sitosterol per 100 g of oil , and 204 mg of other sterols per 100 g of oil. The total tocotrienols of this oil was 0.25 mg per 100 g of oil (0.22 mg alpha tocotrienol, <0.01 mg beta tocotrienol and 0.03 mg delta tocotrienol).
EXAMPLE 8
Production of seaweed flour (high lipid content)
Chlorella protothecoides containing high lipid content cultivated using the fermentation methods and the conditions described in example 1 was transformed into a high lipid algal flour. To process the microalgae biomass in algae flour, the harvested Chlorella protothecoides biomass was separated from the culture medium using centrifugation. The resulting concentrated biomass, containing more than 40% moisture, was micronized using a high pressure homogenizer ((GEA model NS1001) operating at a pressure of 1000 to 1200 Bar until the average particle size of the biomass was less than 10 pm The homogenized algae were then spray dried using standard methods The resulting algae flour (micronized algae cell that has been spray dried in a powder form) was packaged and stored until use.
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A sample of flour with a high lipid content was analyzed for particle size. An aqueous dispersion of algae flour was created and the particle size of the algae flour was determined using laser diffraction on a Malvern® Mastersizer 2000 machine using a Hydro 2000S connection. A control dispersion was created by smooth dispersions of the mixture and others were created using 100 bar, 300 bar, 600 bar and 1000 bar pressure. The results showed that the average particle size of the algae flour is smaller in the condition with a higher pressure (3.039pm in the condition of soft mixing and 2.484pm in the condition of 1000 bar). The particle size distribution was shifted under high pressure conditions, with a reduction in the size of the larger particles (above 10 pm) and an increase in smaller particles (less than 1 pm).
EXAMPLE 9
Food Compositions Using Algae Flour with High Lipid Content (rich in lipids)
The following food formulations with a high lipid content comprise seaweed flour produced using the methods described in example 8, and containing about 50% lipids.
Seaweed Milk / Frozen Dessert
The algae milk formulation was produced from algae flour with a high lipid content. Seaweed milk contained the following ingredients (by weight): 88.4% water, 6.0% seaweed flour, 3.0% whey protein concentrate, 1.7% sugar, 0, 6% vanilla extract, 0.2% salt and 0.1% stabilizers. The ingredients were combined and homogenized at low pressure, using a manual homogenizer. The resulting seaweed milk was cooled before serving. The taste was comparable to that of whole milk and had good opacity. The seaweed flour used contained about 50% lipids, so the resulting β115 seaweed milk contained about 3% fat. When compared to vanilla-flavored soy milk (silk), seaweed milk had a comparable flavor and opacity and did not have the raw bean flavor of soy milk.
The seaweed milk was then combined with additional sugar and vanilla extract and mixed until smooth in a mixer for 2 to 4 minutes. The mixture was placed in a pre-chilled ice cream machine (Cuisinart) for 1 to 2 hours until the desired consistency was reached. Conventional ice cream made with 325 grams of half and half, 220 grams of 2% milk and an egg yolk was prepared as a comparison. Conventional ice cream had a consistency comparable to that of soft ice cream, and it had a rich flavor, fine texture ice cream. Although the seaweed-based ice cream lacked the creaminess and full flavor of conventional recipe ice cream, the consistency and flavor were comparable to a rich flavor of frozen milk. In general, the use of seaweed milk in a frozen dessert order was successful: the frozen dessert seaweed milk produced was an inferior fat alternative to a conventional ice cream.
English Seaweed Flour Cake
The English cake was produced with algae flour with a high lipid content, as an example of a well-cooked formulation to demonstrate the ability of algae flour or algae biomass “to maintain or stabilize air bubbles (aeration), in a roast product. The formulation for the algae flour English Cake: vanilla extract (6.0 g), powdered sugar (122.0 g); whole eggs (122.0 g), water (16.0 g); wheat flour (122 g), salt (1.5 g); xanthan gum (Keltrol F) (0.2 g); baking powder (4 g), seaweed flour with a high lipid content (45 g). The eggs were beaten until they thickened, became pale and creamy and then the sugar was added and incorporated as well. The vanilla extract was then added and mixed,
116 followed by seaweed flour, which was folded into the sugar / egg mixture. The dry ingredients were then mixed well and added to the sugar / egg mixture, alternatively, with the water. The dough was then folded until it was well incorporated. The dough was then poured into paper-coated muffin tins and baked at 325 ° F for 8 to 9 minutes. The pan was then turned and cooked for a further 8 to 10 minutes. /
The cakes had a light and airy texture, with a well-developed crumb structure, identical to the English Cake using butter. This English Cake with 10% (w / w) algae flour with a high lipid content, instead of butter demonstrated the ability of algae flour or algae biomass "to maintain or stabilize aeration in a baked product". Macaroni and cheese
Macaroni and cheese were produced for the purpose of examining the ability of algae flour or algae biomass and defatted algae flour (produced by extracting CO ₂ from high lipid algae flour) to increase the cheese's flavor and creaminess of a milk product (enzyme modified cheese (EMC) and butter / milk). The formulation for macaroni and cheese was (expressed in weight% of the final product): EMC cheese powder (6.35%), water (21.27%), salt (0.21%), high content seaweed meal lipid (3.81%); defatted algae flour (0.32%); cooked pasta (67.95%), and 50% acetic acid (0.10%). The dry ingredients (except for the dough) were combined and water was added to the dry ingredients. The cheese mixture was then combined with the macaroni.
Macaroni and cheese made from high-fat algae flour and defatted algae flour tasted similar to macaroni and cheese products made from EMC powder (boxed macaroni and cheese). High-lipid seaweed meal / defatted seaweed meal containing macaroni and cheese had a creamy texture and
117 similar taste to macaroni and cheese prepared according to the packaging direction (with milk and butter). This example is a successful demonstration of how a high-lipid seaweed meal or algae biomass and defatted seaweed meal can convey an increased, creamy cheese flavor as a substitute for butter and milk. The total fat content of the algae flour containing macaroni and cheese was less than 2%. Soy milk with high lipid algae flour
The ability to increase the creamy mouthfeel and richness of soy milk has been tested with the following formulations: soy milk, containing 0.5%, 1% or 2% seaweed flour with a high lipid content (as a percentage of weight of the final product). A negative control was also tested with soy milk, without adding seaweed flour. The seaweed flour was mixed with soy milk, using a manual mixer until it was fully incorporated. In all cases where seaweed flour was added, soy milk had a more “total fat”, richer milk-like texture. In addition, soymilk containing seaweed flour (even at the lowest concentration) has a lower “bean” taste.
Low-fat beef burgers
The effects of seaweed meal or seaweed biomass with a high lipid content on ground beef hamburgers were tested in the following formulations: ground beef with 96% fat free containing 0, 0.5%, 1% or 2% flour algae with a high lipid content (as a percentage of the weight of the final product). Ground beef with 80% fat-free was used as a positive control. The ground meat was mixed with the seaweed flour until well mixed and was then molded into hamburgers. No additional ingredients were added. The hamburgers were then cooked in a hot skillet until they were fully cooked. The 94% fat-free negative control hamburger was dry and had a hunting / liver flavor. The control hamburger
118 positive with 80% fat free had a moist, soft texture and the hunting / liver flavor was less pronounced. Hamburgers made with 96% fat-free ground beef with 0.5%, 1% and 2% seaweed flour with a high lipid content had a wetter and softer texture than the negative control hamburger. 2% seaweed flour hamburger with a high lipid content was texturally similar to the positive control and had the same reduced taste of game / liver flavor.
Turkey turkey burgers with 0, 0.5%, seaweed flour with a high lipid content of 1% or 2% (as a percentage of the weight of the final product) incorporated in fat-free turkey were also tested. As a positive control, a turkey burger made from 93% fat-free ground turkey was also made. The ground turkey was mixed with the seaweed flour until well mixed and then it was molded into hamburgers. The hamburgers were then cooked in a hot skillet until they were fully cooked. The 97% fat-free turkey burger was dry, full-bodied and chewy. The 93% fat-free positive control turkey burger got juicier and tasted like roasted turkey. Hamburgers containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% seaweed flour with a high lipid content had a more moist and juicy texture than the negative control hamburger. In addition, the 2% high-lipid algae flour burger had a roasted turkey flavor similar to that of the positive control.
EXAMPLE 10
Genotyping for the Identification of Other Microalgae Strains Suitable for Use as Food
Algae Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from algae biomass as follows. The cells (approximately 200 mg) were centrifuged from 5 minute liquid cultures at 14,000 x g. The cells were then
119 placed in resuspension in sterile distilled water, centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14,000 x g and the supernatant was discarded. A single glass sphere of ~ 2 mm in diameter was added to the biomass and the tubes were placed at -80 ° C for at least 15 minutes. The samples were removed and 150 μΐ of grinding buffer (1% Sarkosyl, 0.25 M sucrose, 50 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5 pg / μΐ of RNase A) were added. The pellets were resuspended by vortexing briefly, followed by the addition of 40 μl of 5M NaCl. The samples were vortexed briefly, followed by the addition of 66 μΐ of 5% CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide) and a short definite vortex. The samples were then incubated at 65 ° C for 10 minutes, after which they were centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and extracted once with 300 μΐ of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol 12: 12: 1, followed by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 14,000 x g. The resulting aqueous phase was transferred to a new tube containing 0.7 vol of isopropanol (~ 190 μΐ), mixed by inversion and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes or overnight at 4 ° C. DNA was recovered by centrifugation at 14,000 xg for 10 minutes. The resulting pellet was then washed twice with 70% ethanol, followed by a final wash with 100% ethanol. The pellets were air-dried for 20 to 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by resuspension in 50 μΐ of 10 mM TrisCl, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0).
Five μΐ of total algae DNA, prepared as described above, was diluted 1:50 in 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0. The PCR reactions, final volume of 20 μΐ, were established as follows. Ten μΐ of 2 x iProof HF master mixer (BIO-RAD), was added to 0.4 μΐ of SZ02613 primer (5'-TGTTGAAGAATGAGCCGGCGAC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 24) in a stock concentration of 10 mM). This primer sequence is executed from position 567-588 in adhesion Banco de Gene n ° L43357
120 and is highly conserved in higher plants and algae plastid genomes. This was followed by the addition of 0.4 μΐ of SZ02615 primer (5CAGTGAGCTATTACGCACTC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 25) with a stock concentration of 10 mM). This primer sequence is complementary to position 1112-1093 in adhesion Gene Bank No. L43357 and is highly conserved in higher plants and algae plastid genomes. Then, 5 μΐ of the total diluted DNA and 3.2 pL of dILO were added. The PCR reactions were performed as follows: 98 ° C, 45, 98 ° C, 8, 53 ° C, 12, 72 ° C, for 20, followed by 35 cycles of 72 ° C for 1 minute and maintaining 25 ° C. For the purification of PCR products, 20 μΐ of 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, were added to each reaction, followed by extraction with 40 μΐ of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol 12: 12: 1, in vortex and centrifugation at 14,000 xg for 5 minutes. The PCR reactions were applied to S-400 columns (GE Healthcare) and centrifuged for 2 minutes at 3,000 x g. The purified PCR products were subsequently cloned into TOPO PCR8 / GW / TOPO and positive clones selected for LB / Specification plates. The purified plasmid DNA was sequenced in both directions using forward and reverse Ml3 primers. Sequence alignments and rooted trees were generated using Geneious DNA analysis software. Strain sequences 1 to 23 (shown in example 1) are shown as SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 23 in the attached Sequence Listing, respectively (ie, strain 1 corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 1, strain 2 corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 2, and so on).
Analysis of 23S rRNA genomic DNA from 9 strains of Chlorella protothecoides
Genomic DNA from 8 strains of Chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 25, UTEX 249, UTEX 250, UTEX 256, UTEX 264, UTEX 411, SAG 211 ld, CCAP 211/17, and CCAP 21 l / 8d), were isolated and
121 analysis of the 23 S rRNA genomic DNA was performed according to the methods described above. All Chlorella protothecoides strains tested were identical in sequence except for UTEX 25. The sequences for all eight strains are listed as SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 27 in the attached Sequence Listing.
Genotyping Analysis of Commercially Acquired Chlorella Samples
Three commercially purchased chlorella samples, Chlorella Regularis (New Chapter, 390mg / gelcap), Whole Foods Broken Wall Chlorella (Whole Food, 500mg pressed tablet) and Nutribiotic CGF Chlorella (Nutribiotic, 500mg pressed tablet), were genotyped using the methods described in this document. Approximately 200 mg of each of the commercially purchased Chlorella samples were resuspended and sterile distilled water for the isolation of genomic DNA.
The resulting PCR products were isolated and cloned into Ml3 vectors and sequenced using forward and reverse primers. The sequences were compared to the known sequences using a BLAST search.
The comparison of rRNA 23 s DNA sequences revealed that two of the three commercially acquired Chlorella samples had DNA sequences corresponding to Lyngbya aestuarii present (Whole Foods Broken Wall Chlorella and Nutribiotic CGF). Lyngbya aestuarii is a marine-species cynobacteria. These results show that some commercially available Chlorella contains other species of contaminating microorganisms, including genus organisms, such as Lyngbya, which are known for the production of toxins (see, for example, Teneva et. Al., Environmental Toxicology, 18 (1) 1, pp. 9 - 20 (2003); Matthew et al., J Nat Prod., 71 (6): pp. 1113-6 (2008); and Carmichael et al.,
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Appl Environ Microbiol, 63 (8): pp. 3104-3110 (1997).
EXAMPLE 11
Microalgae biomass color mutants suitable for use as food
Chemical mutagenesis to generate Color Mutants
Chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 250) was grown according to the methods and conditions described in example 1. Chemical mutagenesis was performed on the algae strain, using N-methyl-bf-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG). The algae culture was subjected to the mutagenic agent (NTG) and then selected through re-isolation cycles on 2.0% glucose agar plates. Colonies were screened for color mutants. Chlorella protothecoides (wild type) appears to be golden in color when cultivated heterotopically. The screen produced a strain that appeared in white on the agar plate. This color mutant was named 33-55 (deposited on October 13, 2009 according to the Budapest Treaty at the American Type Culture Collection at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA20110-2209 with a Patent Deposit Designation of PTA-10397 ). Another colony was also isolated and underwent three rounds of re-isolation to confirm that this mutation was stable. This mutant appeared to be light yellow in color on the agar plate and was named 25-32 (deposited on October 13, 2009 according to the Budapest Treaty at the American Type Culture Collection at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA20110-2209 with a Patent Deposit Designation of PTA-10396).
Lipid profile of Chlorella protothecoides 33-55
Chlorella protothecoides 33-55 and Chlorella protothecoides parental (UTEX 250) were grown according to the methods and conditions described in example 1. The percent of lipid (by dry cell weight) was determined for both strains: Chlorella protothecoides 33- 55 went to 68%
123 of lipids and a parent lipid strain was 62%. The lipid profiles were determined for both strains and were as follows (expressed as% of area): Chlorella protothecoid.es 33-55, C14: 0 (0.81); C16: 0 (10.35); C16: 1 (0.20); C18: 0 (4.09); Cl8: 1 (72.16); C18: 2 (10.60); C18: 3 (0.10), and others (1.69), for the parental strain, C14: 0 (0.77); C16: 0 (9.67); C16: 1 (0.22); C18: 0 (4.73); Cl 8: 1 (71.45); Cl8: 2 (10.99); C18: 3 (0.14), and others (2.05).
EXAMPLE 12
Cellulosic feed load for the cultivation of microalgae biomass suitable for use as food
In order to assess whether Chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 250) was able to use a non-food carbon source, cellulosic materials (expanded corn straw) were prepared to be used as a carbon source for the cultivation of heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides which is suitable for use in any of the food applications described above in the preceding examples.
Expanded, wet corn straw material was prepared by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) by cooking the corn straw in a solution of 1.4% sulfuric acid and removing water from the resulting suspension. Using a Mettler Toledo moisture analyzer, the dry solids in the wet corn straw were determined to be 24%. A wet 100 g sample was resuspended in deionized water to a final volume of 420 ml and the pH was adjusted to 4.8 using 10N NaOH. Celluclast® (Novozymes) (a cellulase) was added at a final concentration of 4% and the resulting slurry incubated with shaking at 50 ° C for 72 hours. The pH of this material was then adjusted to 7.5 with NaOH (negligible volume change), sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 pm filter and stored at -20 ° C. The sample was reserved for determining the glucose concentration
124 using a Sigma hexokinase-based kit, as described below.
Glucose concentrations were determined using a Sigma Glucose Assay Reagent # G3293. The treated samples, as described above, were diluted 400 times and 40 gL were added to the reaction. The preparation of cellulosic corn straw was determined to contain about 23 g / L of glucose.
After enzymatic treatment and saccharification of cellulose with glucose, xylose, and other monosaccharide sugars, the material prepared above was evaluated as a feed load for the growth of Chlorella protothecoides (UTEX 250) using the medium described in example 1. The Variable concentrations of cellulosic sugars mixed with pure glucose were tested (0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% cellulosic sugars). The cells were incubated in the dark at varying concentrations of cellulosic sugars at 28 ° C with shaking (300 rpm). Growth was assessed by measuring absorbance at 750 nm on a UV spectrophotometer. Chlorella protothecoides cultures were grown on corn straw material prepared with Celluclast, including medium conditions in which the conditions of 100% fermentable sugar were derived from cellulosic. Similar experiments were also carried out using sugar beet pulp, treated with Accellerase as the cellulosic feed load. As with the results obtained with the corn straw material, all cultures of Chlorella protothecoides were able to use cellulosic-derived sugar as a carbon source.
EXAMPLE 13
Seaweed Flour Improves Taste and Enhances the Texture of Food Compositions
butter cookies
Shortbread cookies containing seaweed flour, comprising approximately 20% of total fat, were prepared
125 using the following recipe. Shortbread cookies containing no seaweed flour, comprising approximately 20% total fat, were also prepared using the following recipe (control). Cookies made with seaweed flour were determined by the panel to be 5 more buttery and richer in flavor than cookies made without seaweed flour.
Shortbread Source Control Biscuit Biscuit with seaweed flour ComponentWeight percentage Weight percentage Flour, for all purposes General 42.11% 41.50% Sodium Bicarbonate Retail 0.50% 0.50% Baking powder Retail 0.65% 0.65% salt Retail 0.51% - 0.51% Powdered milk without fat1.00% 1.00% Egg white, dry1.00% 1.00% Modified Food Starch Baka 2.00% 2.00% Icing sugar Snack 23.20% 22.81% Seaweed Flour0.00% 3.00% Water4.00% 4.00% Vanilla extract: McCormick lx 1.53% 1.53% butter23.50% 21.50% TOTAL100.00% 100.00% Fat from Butter19.98% 18.28% Fat from Seaweed Flour0.00% 1.65% Total Fat19.98% 19.93% Water from Butter3.53% 3.23% Water4.00% 4.00% Total Water9.06% 8.76%
The cookies were baked in a conventional oven at 325 ° F (168 ° C) for 7 minutes.
Chocolate ice cream
Chocolate ice cream containing seaweed flour, comprising approximately 10% total fat, was prepared using the following recipe. Chocolate ice cream containing no algae flour, comprising approximately 10% of total fat, was also prepared using the following recipe (control). Chocolate ice cream made with seaweed flour was determined by a panel to be richer, smoother and more creamy than ice cream made without seaweed flour. Ice cream made with seaweed flour was perceived by the panel with the highest fat content. Small amounts of additional ingredients have been added as shown below.
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Chocolate Ice Cream with Seaweed Flour
Component Source Weight percentage Total Fat% Buttermilk52.90%
Granulated Sugar C&H 18.00% Seaweed flour2.00% 1.10% Cream Making, 40% Fat 40% Fat 20.50% 8.2% 11% Cocoa Gerken’s Russet Plus 2.50% 0.28% Corn Syrup, 36DE 36DE minimum quantityHigh heat fat-free powdered milk, # 332252.00%Chocolate without sugar1.50% 0.75% GELSTAR®, IC 3548 (stabilizer) FMC / 0.600%flavoringminimum quantityTotal100.00% 10.33%
Directions
1. All ingredients were mixed in the following order. A dough knife was used to mix the sugar, stabilizer and seaweed flour. Then cocoa was added and the mixture was reserved.
2. Corn syrup, buttermilk and milk solids mixed together and stirred in the dry mixture (1) above. The cream was added last.
3. The mixture was heated to 180 ° F in a bowl with a lid in a glass microwave oven. Every two minutes, the temperature was checked and the mixture was stirred. Once the mixture reached 180 ° F, the microwave oven was turned off. Alternatively, the mixture can be heated in a water bath until the temperature reaches 150 ° F
4. Then, the mixture was homogenized at 18030 bar 15 using the GEA NiroSoavi Panda Homogenizer.
5. The mixture was then usually cooled overnight, flavorings were added and the ice cream machine was activated.
Chocolate Ice Cream without Seaweed Flour
| Component | | Weight percentage | % of Total Fat | Buttermilk51.40%Granulated sugar C&H 18.00%Seaweed flour0.00% 0.00% Cream making, 40% fat 40% Fat 23.00% 9.2% 11% Cocoa Gerken’s Russet Plus 2.50% 0.28% Corn Syrup, 36DE 36DE minimum quantityNFDM, high heat, # 332253.00%Chocolate without sugar1.50% 0.75% GELSTAR® IC 3548 (stabilizer) FMC 0.600%flavoringminimum quantityTotal100.00% 10.23%
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Directions
The ice cream was made as above, without the addition of seaweed flour.
Mayonnaise
Mayonnaise containing seaweed flour was prepared using the following recipe. Mayonnaise containing no algae flour was also prepared using the following recipe (control). Mayonnaise made with algae flour was determined by a panel having a creamy texture and similar to a widely available mayonnaise containing no 10 algae flour. The melting, flavoring and body of mayonnaise containing seaweed flour dissipated evenly and lasted longer than mayonnaise without seaweed flour.
Mayonnaise (73% Fat) with Seaweed Flour
| Component | % by weight of wet ingredient | Total Fat% Water 5.44%Seaweed flour 3.00% 1.65% Granulated sugar 0.250%Fresh egg yolks 9.50% 2.52% Mustard, dried 0.550%salt 1.490%Vinegar, 5% acetic acid 5.7400%Canola oil 69,200% 69.20% Lemon juice, simple texture 4.830%Total 100.00% 73.37%
Directions:
1. The seaweed meal was mixed with water to form a dispersion and set aside.
2. The remaining dry ingredients were mixed (sugar, salt, dry mustard) and reserved.
3. In a separate bowl, the first egg yolk was beaten and mixed with the dry ingredients from step 2 above.
4. The algae flour dispersion from step 1 was added to the mixture from step 3.
5. The vinegar and 50% lemon juice combined in a separate bowl and were mixed into step 4.
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6. The mixture from step 5 was mixed and the oil was added slowly, a few drops at a time until the mixture thickened.
7. Once the emulsion was formed, the remaining oil (approximately 50%) was added and the emulsion mixed further. Then, the remaining lemon juice was added and the emulsion was further mixed. Optionally, a small amount of hot water can be added if the emulsion is too thick.
8. The mayonnaise was refrigerated overnight.
Control Mayonnaise (75% fat) without Seaweed Flour
| Component | Wet Ingredient Weight Percent | Total Fat% Water 5.44%Seaweed flour 0.00% 0.00% Granulated sugar 0.250%Egg yolks, fresh 9.50% 2.52% Dry mustard 0.550%salt 1.490%Vinegar, 5% acetic acid 5.7400%Canola oil 72,200% 72.20% Lemon juice, simple texture 4.830%Total 100.00% 74.72%
Directions
The mayonnaise was made as described above, but without the addition of seaweed flour.
Salad dressing
The salad dressing, containing seaweed flour was prepared using the following recipe. For a retail sauce, 1% or 3% seaweed flour was added. The retail sauce that did not contain seaweed flour was the control sauce. The salad made with seaweed was determined by a panel to be rich, creamy and to improve the flavors of salad dressing made without any seaweed flour. The salad containing seaweed was considered to have a higher fat content than salad dressing made without seaweed flour.
% Weight, in grams% Weight, in grams Retail dressing 97.5 97.5 Retail dressing 92.5 92.5 40% Seaweed Flour 1 2.5 40% Algae Flour Paste 3 7.5 Total100 100
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EXAMPLE 14
Interaction with milk proteins
The proteins contained in milk are casein and whey. Seaweed flour or seaweed biomass interacts with milk and milk proteins to provide better taste to certain foods.
The use of seaweed flour in combination with whey improved the taste of the seaweed drink of example 9. The drink mentioned in example 9 was modified as described below. The addition of whey to the beverage of. algae improved the taste of the drink. Other proteins such as the protein with a high content of Golden Chlorella (commercially available) have also been shown to improve taste. In contrast, the addition of soy protein, pea protein, did not improve the taste of the algae drink.
Similarly, the interaction of seaweed flour or algae biomass with milk provides better taste to food compositions of food comprising milk, for example, cream-based soups, coffee and tea creams, drinks based on milk product, yogurts, ice cream, iced milk, lemonade, ice cream and the like.
Seaweed Milk Drink Component Wet Ingredient Weight Percent Bottled or tap water 89,381 Granulated Sugar 1.7 salt 0.23 seaweed meal 5 Tie 71 OH Carrageenan (stabilizer) 0.014 FMC Stabilizer Viscarin 359 (stabilizer) 0.075 Vanilla extract: McCormick lx 0.6 Eggstend 300 (whey protein) 3 Total 100 Directions
The water was added to a container and the remaining ingredients were added to the water in the order listed while mixing. The liquid was homogenized in a batch homogenizer at 300 to 400 bar for one pass. The homogenized liquid was transferred to appropriate containers and refrigerated.
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EXAMPLE 15
Shelf Life Extension of Food Compositions Containing
Seaweed Flour
Sugar Cookies
Sugary cookies containing seaweed flour were prepared using the following recipe. Sugary cookies containing no seaweed flour were also prepared using the following recipe. The sugary biscuit formulation with 3% seaweed flour was adjusted by removing the egg yolk and reducing the butter from the conventional biscuit formulation to provide a biscuit that the Total Fat is the same in both formulations. The cookies were stored for a period of time in foil packs and evaluated by a sensory panel, after three days and after three months. Cookies that did not contain seaweed flour were stable and adherent, 15 after three days and were not acceptable in three months. Cookies containing seaweed flour remained fresh for three days and three months and were acceptable for both periods of time.
Sugar Cookie
Source Biscuit without seaweed flour Biscuit with 3% seaweed flour | Component| Percent | Percent | Flour, for all purposes General Mills 36.09% 35.00% Sodium Bicarbonate Retail 0.30% 0.30% Baking powder Retail 0.70% 0.70% salt Retail 0.00% 0.00% Whole eggs6.52% 0.00% Egg white0.00% 0.50% Icing sugar C&H 37.00% 35.00% Seaweed Flour0.00% 3.00% Water0.00% 7.00% Vanilla extract, IX: McCormick 0.75% 0.75% butter without salt 19.00% 17.75% TOTAL100.36% 100.00% Egg fat0.73% 0.00% Fat from butter16.15% 15.09% Fat from Seaweed Flour 1.65% Total Fat16.88% 16.74% Water0 0 Egg water4.89% 0.00% Butter water2.85% 2.66% Vanilla extract0.75% 0.75% Total Water0.00% 7.00% Total8.49% 10.41%
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Directions
1. The dry ingredients, flour, baking soda salt and baking powder have been mixed and set aside.
2. The fat was turned into cream by slowly adding 5 seaweed flour and sugar to the Kitchen Aid mixer with the paddle attachment.
3. With the mixer at slow speed (1 or 2), water and vanilla extract were slowly added. Once the water and vanilla extract were added, the mixing speed was increased to medium and mixed for two minutes.
4. Then the eggs were added and the mixture was mixed at medium speed for two minutes.
5. The mixed dry ingredients from step 1 were added slowly to the mixture from step 4, initially at a slow mixing speed, then increasing to 6 to 8 for about 2 to 3 minutes to form a dough.
6. A baking sheet was sprayed with oil and the dough from step 6 was rolled out to a thickness of 8 mm and baked at 350 ° F for 7 to 9 minutes.
Crackers
Wafers containing seaweed flour were prepared by the American Baking Institute using the following recipe. Wafers containing no algae flour were also prepared using the following recipe. In the preparation of biscuits containing seaweed flour, fat and 25 seaweed flour the utilization levels were adjusted to provide a biscuit with about 33% or about 50% reduction in added fat, compared to the fat control formulations total not containing seaweed flour. The mixing procedures were tested to assess the impact of the dough characteristics. Slow addition
132 of the algae flour to the dough during the mixing process resulted in a reduction in the total amount of water added to the dough. The procedure was modified to add all ingredients except seaweed flour to the mixing bowl and mixed with speed for two minutes to mix the ingredients. The mixing speed was then changed to accelerate two and mixed for four minutes. Then, the seaweed flour was added and mixed for more than eight minutes.
The texture of the wafer containing seaweed flour was similar to that of the wafer not containing seaweed flour, of total fat. One panel described the wafer formulated with the seaweed flour as being crunchy and the taste and texture was preferred over the wafer formulated without the seaweed flour.
The wafers were stored for a period of time in aluminum packaging and evaluated by a panel after 30 days and after four months. Wafers containing no algae flour were moldy and sticky after 30 days and was not acceptable in four months. Wafers containing seaweed flour after four months of storage remained crispy and acceptable.
Crackers
Seaweed Flour Crackers
Wafers without Seaweed Flour (50% fat reduction) | Ingredient | Weight percentage | Percentage by weight | Dough 65.34% 65.06% salt 0.65% 0.65% Sodium Bicarbonate 0.49% 0.49% Fat 7.84% 1.04% Seaweed Flour 0.00% 5.21% Granulated sugar 5.23% 5.23% Powdered milk without fat 0.98% 0.98% Non-diastatic malt 0.33% 0.33% Ammonium bicarbonate 0.65% 0.65% Fresh yeast 0.16% 0.16% Sodium Sulphite 0.03% 0.03% Water 18.30% 20.17% TOTAL 100.00% 100.00%
Directions
All ingredients except seaweed flour were mixed
133 in a Hobart floor mixer with a paddle for two minutes at first speed to form a dough. The mixer speed was increased to the second speed and mixed for four minutes. The seaweed flour was then added to the dough then mixed for another 8 minutes at the second speed. The dough was baked to the oven in a mesh band in zone 1 (dampers / p 450 ° upper 430 ° lower closed / closed), zone 2 (dampers / p 425 ° upper 400 ° lower open / open) or zone 3 (dampers / p 415 ° upper 375 ° lower open / open) until golden brown. The wafers had a moisture content of about 3%.
EXAMPLE 16
The butter product in tablet with seaweed flour and a margarine in tablet with seaweed flour were prepared according to the recipes below. The tablet butter was made by beating the seaweed flour with butter in the mixer at high speed and subsequent water was slowly added to the butter mixture of seaweed flour while mixing at high speed. The tablet margarine was made by beating the seaweed flour with the palm oil in a high speed mixer. Then, the salt was dissolved in water to prepare the salt water. Therefore, salt water was slowly added to the mixture of 20 palm oil and seaweed flour while mixing at high speed. The texture and flavor of the algae flour that contained the tablet was similar to that of butter and margarine in total fat tablets without algae flour.
Butter in tablet and Margarine in tablet
Butter in tablet_____________ | Component | Weight percentage
Seaweed Flour 20% Water 30% Butter with salt 50% TOTAL 100% Margarine in tablet| Component | Percentage by weight | Vegetable oil 17.25% salt 0.86% Seaweed Flour 8.60% Water 51.73% Palm oil 21.56% TOTAL 100.00%
134
EXAMPLE 17
Combination of seaweed oil and defatted seaweed meal
In the biscuit formulation as shown below, instead of using seaweed flour, an equivalent amount of defatted seaweed flour and seaweed oil were used to make the cookies. Cookies made with defatted seaweed flour and seaweed oil were compared to cookies made with seaweed flour. A panel assessed the cookies. The cookies made with seaweed flour were noted as having a better, sweet taste, had a more chewy texture and was considered to have a stronger flavor, a more buttery flavor. In addition, the color of the cookies made with defatted seaweed flour and seaweed oil was a different color than that of the cookies made with seaweed flour. In non-homogenized foods, the use of defatted seaweed meal and seaweed oil produced an inferior product when compared to the use of 15 seaweed meal.
Sugared Seaweed Cookies: No Eggs and No Butter (Approximately 3.5% Total Fat)
Percentage by weight of
Component Ingredient Grams
Dry Mix 1: Flour, for all purposes 38 155.6Sodium bicarbonate 0.3 1.19Baking powder 0.7 2.88salt 0.5 2.2 Dry Mix 2: Seaweed flour 7 28.8 Wet Ingredients Granulated Sugar 34 140.5 Water 17 70.7Vanilla extract: McCormick, lx 1.5 6.5eggstend 1 4TOTAL 100 412.37
Directions
1. The mixture of flour, salt, baking soda, baking powder and eggstend was mixed and set aside.
2. The sugar and algae flour were mixed in a kitchen aid mixer with a spatula attachment for 5 minutes.
3. With the mixer at slow speed (1 to 2) water was slowly added to the mixture from step 2 above.
135
4. With the mixer at slow speed (1 to 2) the vanilla extract was slowly added to the mixture from step 3 above to form a dough.
5. The dough was refrigerated for 1 hour. Alternatively, the dough can be refrigerated for long periods, including up to 2 to 4 days or frozen for later use.
6. The cookie sheet was sprayed with oil.
7. The dough was handled and rolled into disks and placed on a cookie sheet. Each cookie weighed about 15 grams.
8. The cookies were baked for about 6 minutes to 9 minutes at 325F. The cookies baked for about 6 minutes, yielded a soft cookie in texture. The baked cookies are already crispy and darker.
In the formulation of seaweed drinks of example 9, instead of using seaweed flour, an equivalent amount of degreased seaweed flour and seaweed oil was used to make the homogenized drink. A panel determined that the drink made with algae flour degreased and algae oil was equivalent to the drink made with algae flour.
EXAMPLE 18
Combination of non-algae oil and non-algae fiber
Cookies and a drink, as described in example 17, were prepared using canola oil and oat fiber. For both drinks and cookies, the combination of canola oil and oat fiber did not reproduce the results of drinks and cookies made with seaweed flour. The use of canola oil and oat fiber produced inferior drinks and cookies.
PCT7US2009 / 060692, filed on October 14, 2009, entitled “Food Compositions of Microalgal Biomass,” PCT / US10 / 31088, filed on April 14, 2010, entitled “Novel
136
Microalgal Food Compositions, ”and Provisional Order US 61 / 324,285, filed on April 14, 2010, entitled“ Oleaginous Yeast Food Compositions ”are each incorporated into this document by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
All references cited in this document, including Patents, Patent Applications, and Publications, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, whether previously incorporated specifically or not. The publications mentioned here are cited for the purpose of describing and disseminating the reagents, methodologies and concepts that can be used in connection with the present invention. Nothing in this document is to be construed as an admission that these references are state of the art in relation to the inventions described in this document.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the following invention, in general, the principles of the invention and including such outputs from the disclosure of the present as come within the usual practice or known in the art to which the invention belongs and how they can be applied to the essential characteristics set out earlier in this document.
It is understood that the examples and modalities described in this document are for illustrative purposes only, and that several modifications or alterations in the light of them will be suggested by persons skilled in the art and should be included within the spirit and scope of this request and the scope of the attached claims.

权利要求:
Claims (15)
[1]
1. Food composition, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
(a) algae flour produced heterotrophically comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and more than about 20% by weight of triglyceride oil, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA);
(b) at least one additional ingredient; and (c) gas;
wherein the food composition comprises a continuous phase, a discontinuous gas phase, and where the percentage of the volume of food contributed by the gas is between about 1% and about 50%, or between 10% and about 60%.
[2]
2. Food composition according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the algae flour is obtained from a species of the genus Chlorella.
[3]
3. Food composition according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized by the fact that the food composition is an aerated food, optionally, in which the seaweed flour improves the air holding capacity in the food.
[4]
Food composition according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that the food is frozen.
[5]
5. Food composition according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that the food composition is an ice cream, sorbet or gelato, having an air content of 20% or more.
[6]
6. Food composition according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that the seaweed flour is obtained from Chlorella protothecoides.
[7]
7. Food composition according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized by the fact that the seaweed flour is an algae which is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or where the seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced to yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color.
[8]
8. Food composition according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized by the fact that the composition is selected from the group consisting of ice cream, gelato, sorbet, mousse, flan, egg cream, sigh, pate, baked product, mousse, beaten dairy toppings, yogurt ice cream, beaten fillings and sauce.
[9]
9. Method to produce an aerated food, characterized by the fact that it comprises mixing:
(a) heterotrophically produced seaweed meal comprising less than 500 ppm chlorophyll and more than about 20% dry weight triglyceride oil, where less than 5% by weight oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), optionally, of a species of the genus Chlorella, and, optionally, of Chlorella protothecoides', (b) water; and (c) at least one additional ingredient, to prepare the dispersion, wherein the seaweed flour comprises 0.5 to 10% w / w of the dispersion; and incorporating gas in the dispersion to form stable batch gas bubbles, where the food composition comprises a continuous phase, a batch gas phase, and the percentage of the volume of food contributed by the gas is between about 1% and about 60% .
[10]
10. Meat product, characterized by the fact that it comprises a matrix of:
(a) ground or chopped meat; and (b) at least about 0.5% w / w heterotrophically produced algae flour comprising less than 500 ppm chlorophyll and at least 20% dry weight triglyceride oil, where less than 5% w / w weight of the oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); where meat and seaweed flour are dispersed throughout the matrix, optionally, where seaweed flour is obtained from a species of the genus Chlorella, for example, Chlorella protothecoid.es, yet, optionally, where flour from alga is an alga that is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or in which the algae flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced to yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color.
[11]
11. Dairy food composition, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
(a) at least one dairy ingredient; and (b) algae flour produced heterotrophically comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and at least 20% by weight of triglyceride oil, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA);
where between about 0.1% to about 100% of the fat in the food is supplied by the seaweed meal, optionally, where the seaweed meal is obtained from a species of the genus Chlorella, for example, Chlorella protothecoides, optionally, where seaweed flour is from seaweed which is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or where seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced to yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color.
[12]
12. Method to improve the texture in the mouth of a food composition, characterized by the fact that it comprises the steps of:
(a) providing a food composition, optionally comprising milk, soy, casein or whey; and (b) adding a specified amount of heterotrophically produced algae flour comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and more than about 20% dry weight of triglyceride oil to the food composition, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexanoic acid (DHA), optionally, where the seaweed flour is obtained from a species of the genus Chlorella, for example, Chlorella protothecoides, yet, optionally, where the seaweed flour is from a seaweed that is a mutant color with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or in which the seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced in yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color .
[13]
13. Method for improving the shelf life of a food composition, characterized by the fact that it comprises the steps of:
(a) providing a food composition; and (b) adding a specified amount of heterotrophically produced algae flour comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and more than about 20% dry weight of triglyceride oil to the food composition, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexanoic acid (DHA), optionally, where the seaweed flour is obtained from a species of the genus Chlorella, for example, Chlorella protothecoides, yet, optionally, where the seaweed flour is from a seaweed that is a mutant color with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or in which the seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced in yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color .
[14]
14. Non-dairy food composition, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
(a) at least one non-dairy ingredient optionally selected from the group consisting of soy, almond, hemp, rice and oats; and (b) algae flour produced heterotrophically comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and at least 20% by weight of triglyceride oil, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA);
where between 0.1% and about 100% of the fat in the food is supplied by seaweed flour, and optionally, where the food composition is selected from the group consisting of margarine, soy milk, almond milk, milk of hemp, rice milk, frozen non-dairy dessert, non-dairy cream, non-dairy cheese and non-dairy yogurt, optionally where the seaweed flour is obtained from a species of the Chlorella genus, for example, Chlorella protothecoides, still, optionally, where seaweed flour is from seaweed which is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or where seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced to yellow pigmentation, optionally, where the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color.
[15]
15. Heterotrophically produced algae flour, characterized by the fact that it comprises algae flour particles, in which, optionally, the particles are agglomerated, said algae flour comprising less than 500 ppm of chlorophyll and more than about
10% triglyceride oil by dry weight, where less than 5% by weight of the oil is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), wherein said algae flour further comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of about 0 gg about 115
5 gg of total carotenoids per gram of seaweed, from about 1 mg to about 8 mg of tocopherols per 100g of seaweed, from about 0.05 mg to about 0.30 mg of tocotrienois per gram of seaweed flour and from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of phospholipids per gram of seaweed, optionally where the seaweed flour is obtained from a
10 species of the Chlorella genus, for example, Chlorella protothecoides yet, optionally, in which the seaweed flour is from an algae which is a color mutant with reduced color pigmentation compared to the strain from which it was derived, and / or seaweed flour has no green pigmentation and is reduced to yellow pigmentation, optionally, in 15 the seaweed flour is yellow or white in color.

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同族专利:

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US20170119005A1|2017-05-04|

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MX2012011827A|2013-02-07|

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KR20130055597A|2013-05-28|

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WO2011130578A3|2012-11-08|

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MX347228B|2017-04-19|

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US20200015490A1|2020-01-16|

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JP2016041082A|2016-03-31|

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JP5865894B2|2016-02-17|

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EP2557937A4|2016-02-17|

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CA2796395C|2019-01-15|

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JP2013523188A|2013-06-17|

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KR101849367B1|2018-04-16|

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EP2557937A2|2013-02-20|

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KR101914694B1|2018-11-02|

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CN109601903A|2018-12-19|2019-04-12|福建农林大学|A kind of sea sedge and the preparation method for keeping sea sedge brittleness|

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WO2020214685A1|2019-04-16|2020-10-22|Locus Ip Company, Llc|Microbe-based emulsifying food additives|

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CN110115345A|2019-05-10|2019-08-13|成都大学|A kind of nutrition digested tankage and preparation method thereof|

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CA3143901A1|2019-06-28|2020-12-30|Noblegen Inc.|Methods of protein extraction and downstream processing of euglena|

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WO2021115691A1|2019-12-13|2021-06-17|Unilever Ip Holdings B.V.|Dressing composition comprising microalgal protein|

法律状态:
2020-01-07| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2020-03-17| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-05-12| B25A| Requested transfer of rights approved|Owner name: CORBION BIOTECH., INC. (US) |

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2020-09-15| B11B| Dismissal acc. art. 36, par 1 of ipl - no reply within 90 days to fullfil the necessary requirements|

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2021-10-13| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US32429410P| true| 2010-04-14|2010-04-14|

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PCT/US2011/032588|WO2011130578A2|2010-04-14|2011-04-14|Lipid-rich microalgal flour food compositions|

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